Lady Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Lady Macbeth Essay Lady Macbeth is a fascinating character in the play of Macbeth. When we first meet her in Act One, she seems to be a very strong character however, later on, we realise that she isnt so strong and cant live with her guilt of killing Duncan. She goes insane and later dies as a weak, vulnerable figure. She is reading a letter from her husband about his meetings with the witches. We get a very strong indication as to the nature of her character at this stage through her soliloquies the first being her reaction to the witches prophecies and the second being her response to the messengers news of the king comes here tonight. Lady Macbeth is determined that Macbeth should be king but knows that hes too full of the milk of human kindness/To catch the nearest way. She is aware of her husbands weaknesses and indeed strengths, and is ruthless enough to exploit them. She is a woman ambitious for her husband whom she loves. She recognises the essential good in him, and feels that, without her, he will never win the Crown. For him, she invites the evil spirits to unsex her and remove her femininity to make her evil enough to carry out the deed of murdering Duncan. The fact that she had to call upon the evil spirits emphasizes that she knows shed never do it without the help of the spirits because her feminine qualities would take over. To Macbeth, in his letter to her, she is his dearest partner of greatness, an indication of love and trust. We see her as she analyses his virtues and weaknesses and decides to overcome his scruples, hie thee hither/That I may pour my spirits at thine ear. She is very faithful to Macbeth and at this point, thinks she knows theyre not going to fail. Macbeth starts to falter and says we will proceed no further in this business. She is angry at this and uses the horrific imagery of dashing a baby from her breast and slamming it down onto the stone ground to kill it, if she had promised Macbeth she would do a task such as killing Duncan. Lady Macbeth berates her husband for his lack of conviction, she questions his love for her; she mocks him, saying that he is less than a man, accusing him of being drunk and a coward. Her loyalty to him is unfaltering as he procrastinates. When Macbeth asks her about failing, she replies We, fail?/But screw your courage to the sticking place and we will not fail. She has planned Duncans murder right down to the last detail she has planned to drug Duncans guards and has left the daggers ready for Macbeth. She also seems to be the more devious of the two and, perhaps, the better criminal when Macbeth brings the daggers down with him, she quickly notices and puts them back. Here, we do see a sign of conscience creeping through when she mentions how she couldnt have killed Duncan because he resembled her father. Throughout the scene of the murder (Act II, scene ii), she is under the influence of drink, proving that she is not filled from top to bottom with the direst cruelty. After Duncans body has been discovered, Macbeth nearly blows their cover when he starts talking about how he killed the guards. Lady Macbeth cleverly faints here to divert the attention away from her husband. In Act III, Lady Macbeth realises that the crown doesnt bring happiness Noughts had, alls spent/Where our desire is not got without content. Here, I think she realises how she has become distanced from Macbeth after he got the crown. Further in Act III, is the banquet scene. Macbeth has had Banquo killed at this point but did not tell his wife about the plot. When Macbeth enters the banquet hall, he sees Banquos ghost in his chair. Lady Macbeth again fears that Macbeth is going to give away their whole scene when he starts talking to the ghost. Her first strategy is to appeal to his manliness again, Are you a man? When she sees that this isnt working, she makes excuses for him by saying that he has been mentally ill since his youth. She quickly ushers out the guests, to stop Macbeth from saying something the pair would later regret. This is the last point we see Lady Macbeth until the last Act. In Act V, we meet a very different Lady Macbeth. She has now been reduced to a poor, mad creature, very badly shaken by events. She is observed sleepwalking and retracing the events of the murders of Duncan, Banquo and of Macduffs family. Se unfolds a piece of paper, reads it, refolds it and replaces it in the closet. We are not told what this is (some scholars have suggested it to be a suicide note; others have suggested a confession of the murders. It doesnt make much difference what it is, however, it is sometimes nice to speculate). She washes her hands again and again, saying out damned spot, out! Her gentlewoman reports that what Lady Macbeth has said has been incriminating. She has been reduced to such an insecure wreck that she cant even go to sleep without a light on. She reminisces about the knocking heard on the night of the murder To bed, to bed: theres knocking at the gate. Subconsciously she is going over the events in her head even those she wasnt directly involved with but knew about- The thane of Fife had a wife. When she returns to bed, we dont ever see her again and we hear not of her again until Seyton says to Macbeth The queen, my lord, is dead. Macbeth doesnt seem upset by this and basically says it was an inconvenient time for her to die. Throughout the play, we see a great change in Lady Macbeths person she changes from a strong, ambitious mind at the start to a weak mentally disturbed soul at the end. A great contrast can also be seen between Macduffs O gentle lady to Malcolms fiend-like queen. Maybe we should feel sorry for Lady Macbeth or maybe we should feel that she got her just-desserts. Either way, she was one of the most complex, enigmatic characters introduced by Shakespeare, representing the fundamental drive for human ambition.

Apple: Strategic Challenges And Changes

Apple: Strategic Challenges And Changes Q1) Evaluate Apples strategies and how they have managed their strategic challenges and strategic changes within this. In your evaluation you will need to consider the key factors of success in relation to the different strategic groups within the industry. Support your evaluation with relevant theory and academic models. Apple is a vertically integrated company, manufacturing and supplying all hardware and software as well as its own operating systems. Apple chose this strategy so they could retain profit and ensure profit is not lost by financing other companys profit margins. The practice behind this theory is to heavily finance research and development and have had the necessary means of production to cover all areas of the business. Marketing and advertising are also a key component in Apple strategy to have a better market position. Founded in 1976, Apple built its early reputation on innovative personal computers that were particularly easy for customers to use and as a result were priced higher than those of competitors. The inspiration for this strategy came from a visit by the founders of the company- Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniack- to the Palo Alto research laboratories of the Xerox company in 1979. They observed that Xerox had developed an early version of a computer interface screen with the drop-down menus that are widely used today on all personal computers. Jobs and Wozniack took the concept back to apple and developed their own computer- the Apple Macintosh (Mac) that used this consumer friendly interface. The Macintosh was launched in 1984 but Apple did not sell or share the software to rival companies. Over the next few years, this non-co-operation strategy turned out to be a major weakness for Apple. Although the Mac had initial success, its software was threatened by the introduction of windows 1.0 from the rival company Microsoft, whose chief executive was the well-known Bill Gates. Microsofts strategy was to make this software widely available to other computer manufacturers for a license fee- quite unlike Apple. A legal dispute arose between Apple and Microsoft because windows had many on-screen similarities to the Apple product. Eventually, Microsoft signed an agreement with Apple saying that it would not use Mac technology in windows 1.0 Unlike Microsoft with its focus on software strategy, Apple remained a full-line computer manufacturer from that time, supplying both the hardware and software. Apple continued to develop various innovative computers and related products. Early successes included the Mac2 and PowerBooks along with the worlds first desktop publishing programme- PageMaker. This latter remains today the leading programme of its kind. It is widely used around the world in publishing and fashion houses. It remains exclusive to Apple and means that the company has a specialist market where it has real competitive advantage and can charge higher prices. Not all Apples new products were successful- the Newton personal digital assistant did not sell well. Apples high price policy for its products and difficulties in manufacturing also meant that innovative products like the iBook had trouble competing in the personal computer market place. In the year 2000, Apple identified a new corporate strategy to exploit the growing worldwide market in personal electronic devices- CD players, MP3 players, digital cameras etc. It would launch its own Apple version of these products to add high-value, user friendly software. Resulting products included iMovie for digital cameras and iDVD for DVD players. The iPod was launched in 2001 and was followed by the iTunes Music store in 2003 in USA and 2004 in Europe. The product has proven unbelievably successful; over 100 million units have been sold in the six years since its introduction. In 2003, Apples iTunes Store was introduced, offering online music downloads in integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 3 billion downloads by August 2007. Steve Jobs announced that iTunes had reached 4 billion downloads during his keynote address at the 2008 Macworld Conference Expo. The iTunes was essentially an agreement with the worlds 5 leading record companies to allow legal downloaded of music tracks using the internet for 99 cents each. This was a major success for Apple- it had persuaded the record companies to adopt a different approach to the problem of music piracy. At the time, this revolutionary agreement was unique to Apple and was due to the negotiating skills of Steve Jobs, the Apple chief executive, and his network of contacts in the industry. By 2005, Apples music player- the iPod- was the premium priced, stylish market leader with around 60% of the world sales. Its iTunes download software had been redeveloped to allow it to work with all windows compatible computers (about 90% of all PCs) and it had around 70% of the world music download market, the market being worth around US$330 million per annum. However, by 2005, all the major companies like Sony, Philips and Panasonic were catching up fast with new launches that were just as stylish, cheaper and with more capacity. Apples competitors were even reaching agreements with the record companies to provide legal downloading of music from websites. Another Example of the likely competition came from the mobile telephone market leader, Nokia, and the dominant software company Microsoft. In February 2005, they jointly announced that all new Nokia mobile phones would come with Microsofts Windows media 10, allowing downloading of music from PCs onto mobile phones- yet another threat to apple. However Apple was the market leader and was able to demonstrate major increases in sales and profits from the development of iPod and iTunes by early 2005. One thing that has been established is that Apple releases a few versions of one great computer and then offers new software that easily integrates with the other software. Well, Apple has a lot of software that only within the last 4 or so years began to integrate with PC things as well as hardware. For this reason Apple has only been able to gain supplies from a limited set of suppliers, leaving Apple in a vulnerable position. However, one of Apples competencies is a great designing department. They come up with fun looking machines and professional looking machines. The other important thing is the size and the colour of the machine. Distribution Apple has many forms of distribution from their own retail outlet, to business to business selling, to their online store. First there are the Apple retail stores; most of these will be found in major cities across the US and the UK. From these or the website anything can be offered to customers and the products can be even more personalized than they already are. Their most important deals are probably with education. For years they have been offering their computers to schools for years and have grown a large following just from the children that are familiar with Apple and comfortable with Apple interface. This also allows Apple to watch market trends since their market is also people between 20 and 30 years old. The young children will be the future so Apple simply watches what they are interested in. Their final bit of distribution comes from other warehouse companies or help desk companies that need the Apple parts and products to fix peoples computers. There are also third party stores that might display the product amongst several other laptop options. Their main manufacturing, development, designing stuff can be found in California and in Ireland. These two points must serve as umbrellas under which warehouses and retail shops would order or receive from them. Marketing stratergy I think Apples main stratergy is there appeal to their customers. What you find in general with many of their products more btter looking than the competitions. One thing we can see is Apple building on the popularity of the iPod. It appeals to the Mass market. Now appeal less as a computer company and more of a electronics company and seem more user-friendly. Apple have a differentiation stratergy. Apple products are known to have a unique appeal, with its sleek designs a userbility. Due to this it gets a lot of attention from consumers and the media. Without much advertising or marketing on their part. They give something new and unique to talk about which everybody gets pulled in to. With the iPod there not only selling a mp3 player, there selling a social chic. Everybody has one and everybody wants one. Target Market Apple Ipod focused particularly at those between the age of 12-25, consistent with their advertising. Bright colours and a man dancing. It will appeal to both males and females People who have a passion or interest in music and/or literature Technology enthusiasts The iPod appeals to the mass market, everyone is a potential customer. Young or old. They have music, literature and podcasts all avaiable for the iPod owners. The simplicity and sleek design is what attracts people. Although the latest ones (the touch) are expensive, and may be aimed at higher and older earners. Word count 1371 Appropriate models, such as environmental analysis, industry analysis, lifecycle, analysis, resource analysis, swot and pest analysis, Porters 5 forces etc (these do NOT form part of the word count). PESTEL-Analysis: Economical aspects: Inflation currently has increased in UK and the US and may affect current sales of ipods which have already slowed. Global economy in a down turn The exchange rate will also affect Apple as they are importing or exporting goods within the international market. Socio-cultural aspects: Again Anti-American agenda may cause potential customers to but from another company. A generally aging British population, so many may be put off by the technology As much as it is a iPod culture, it can go away as quickly as it came. People may find something else which is better and more value for money. Technical aspects: The wide range of fast changing high-tech/high-quality download possibilities, encourages consumers to download but it also puts more pressure on competing firms, as they have to stay up-to-date with the newest technologies. Considerable developments in the mobile phone market (3G handsets becoming reality and expanded features available to the customer) will push the multimedia download market into new spheres and will open up great opportunities for Apple. Many substitutes available from iRiver, Samsung and Sony. Competition moving away from copy protection on songs, Such as Amazon. Peer-to-peer file sharing applications like Lime wire and Kazaa are still extremely popular. Although this is a problem with the music industry on a whole. This still however affects iTunes. Legal aspects: Issues of copyrights and illegal downloads greatly affect the music download industry and are a major problem for active legal providers. A former lack of legislation in this area has encouraged consumers away from commercial downloading services and as a response to this, new technologies have been introduced that protect the copyright of owners and prevent customers to download and share files illegaly. Digital Rights Managment (DRM) was created to control the number of copies that can be made from a download and although for the music industry there are many positive aspects to DRM, there are surely as many negative for the consumer. Therefore, some companies have already planned to open big portals on DRM-Free tracks that will legally enable the consumer to download files without being limited to a certain number of computers, portable digital devices and CD burns for a reasonable price. Source: Corporate Stratergy finntrack.com Porters 5 Forces: Substitute products: A substitute product is not a direct alternative to the product a company is selling. For example, the new Sony Walkman media player is not a substitute for the iPod Touch, it is a competitor. However, a personal CD player or MP3 player could be if certain aspects of the market were to change, e.g. price and there was a high elasticity of demand. In the case of iTunes, with music there is a wide range of options for buying music and therefore are many substitutes within the music industry, for example tapes, CDs, vinyl and DVDs. All of these are easily accessible and just as convenient as downloading from the internet. The benefit which iTunes has is that you do not have to buy whole albums; you can download songs individually and at a fraction of the cost of a single song on another format. Also you are able to buy movies, TV shows, audio books and Podcasts, all available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Reports by Mintel have shown that sale price and the volume of sales is falling f or non digital media, consequently as a result of internet downloading. The Threat of new Entrants: Already, there are hundreds of media downloading sites available to use on the internet. Some are legal and some are not. It is more difficult to block and put barriers up for illegal entrants into the market because they are not abiding by the law and therefore do not have patents, licences or the rights to distribute media, but still do. With legitimate start up companies, there are capital requirements, possible patents licences to obtain and ultimately the prospect of competing with already well established and reputable companies such as iTunes. Mintel predicts that there will be an influx of new companies willing to invest in the online downloading industry. A big threat for Apple constitutes the entrance of Amazon into the market. The company announced the launch of a new music download portal that offers a wide range of DRM-Free tracks to a reasonable price. Since there are many advantages to DRM-Free tracks, like the fact that users can legaly copy the files without being r estricted to a certain number of copies, consumers are expected to highly welcome the new download store. Apple has to be aware of the fact, that it could lose both new and old customers by restricting them to Digital Rights Management tracks that can only be played on Apples iPod and not on any MP3 capable device, as it is the case with Amazon. Bargaining Power Of Customers: Due to the vast range of direct alternatives and substitutes, iTunes needs to price competitively as well as maintaining reputation and range availability. Consumers are easily swayed to alternative products, especially the ease and free use of illegal downloading sites and therefore need to be drawn in to using legal downloading sites like iTunes. Consumers have great power due to their ability to buy from any one competitor in the music industry and can therefore potentially dictate prices by constantly buying from the cheapest company, thus forcing competitors to reduce prices. Obviously one customer would not make a difference, but collectively customers are strong. As for the Apple iPhone, it has to be considered that network providers have great power over the company, as they could decide not to sell the iPhone or put pressure on the company that forces them to pay a certain amount of their revenues to the provider. At the moment, Apple has restricted itself to one provider, O2, and therefore greatly depends on them selling the iPhone but this will surely change over time. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Similarly to bargaining power of customers, there is the bargaining power of suppliers. iTunes have to submit to the requirements of the consumer market to be competitive, but on the other hand have the ability to bargain with their suppliers due to the size and reputation of the company, thus they are a supplier and a customer. Due to the volume of sales that iTunes have, it would be foolish for companies such as SonyBMG, Universal, Warner and EMI to not compromise on the costs and rights to distribute their music, as their success in the music download market highly depends on the successful distribution of their music, mainly through Apple. This fact clearly limits the bargaining power of suppliers to a certain degree, although Apple has to consider that without their music iTunes could not function as efficiently as the market demands. Therefore a compromise must arise that suits both companies, a possible agreement could be initial fees plus percentage of sales. Intensity of Rivalry: Although the amount of companies operating in the music download market is pretty high, Apple is the clear market leader. Still the multimedia download market is a market in its growth phase with fast changing technologies and many new companies entering the market. At the moment, it seems very unlikely that a company could seriously threaten Apples market position but the company has to be aware of the fact that there are other big multinational companies trying to enter the market with new technologies and ways of offering their services. SWOT-Analyses: Strengths: Apple is the clear market leader in the music downloadand steady financial performance. Revenues have grown from $5,742 million in 2002 to $19,315 million in 2006 and the companys net profit has increased from $65 million in 2002 to $1,989 million in 2006 (Datamonitor, 2007). Steady financial growth shows the good financial state of the company and builds the base for future growth and expansion. Also, the company has a very strong branding and enjoys a high level of brand recognition and brand awareness that allows the company to differentiate its offers and stimulate sales. Strengths of the company is defined by its successful distribution of the iPod and its software iTunes. With every iPod sold, the consumer automatically installs iTunes on his pc, as it is only possible to download music from Apples original software to an iPod. Moreover, Apple products are being considered as hip, stylish and fashionable which is increasingly becoming important for consumers. Furthermore, Apple devices and software attract customers for their convenience, their ease of use and for always being up-to-date with the newest technology. Apple has also collaborated with large brand companies like Nike, Starbucks, Coca Cola and Google, which has had beneficial impacts on both Apple and their partners and has created a new profile, e.g. linking sports and music culture. Weaknesses: First off all there is to say that although the interconnection between the iPod/iPhone and iTunes has been a key factor to Apples success this restriction could become a problem in the future, as more and more customers are looking for devices and online portals that allow them to download MP3s to any MP3 capable device. Moreover, Apple has only a very limited offer of DRM-Free tracks on iTunes, which can be defined as a strong weakness since an increasing number of customers fancy DRM-Free downloads. Another weakness for Apple lies in its pricing, especially for its iPhone. A Mintel research about the mobile phone market in the UK defined pricing and costs to be the most important factor when it comes to purchasing a phone (Mintel, 2007). Also, the iPhone currently doesnt allow the costumer to directly download files to the mobile, which, compared to the new Nokia N-Series, is a enormous weakness, since it could prevent customers to buy the Apple device and go for the Nokia handset instead. This could lead to a loss of Apples market share to its competitor Nokia. Also, technically, the iPhone isnt quiet as good as its competitor the Nokia N95, as it runs on a slower mobile data service and comes only with a 2 Megapixel camera. Another weakness for Apple is, that theyve only chosen one operator in each country where the iPhone is available and thus has restricted the consumers choice of network operators. Threats: The comanys biggest threat probably constitutes the entrance of Nokia into the digital download market. By providing the opportunity to directly download files to a handset device, Nokia could gain some of Apples a market share in the digital download market, since customers are increasingly fancying mobile downloads that dont restrict them to a bulky pc or laptop. The mobile download market is one of the most opportunity-rich markets the world has ever seen, as Nokias Chief Executive Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo states (Halper,2007), and if Apple doesnt catch up fast on this opportunity it is running risk to loose its superiour market position to Nokia. Another threat for Apple constitutes the launch of online portals that are specialized in marketing DRM-Free tracks. More and more customers are looking for music that doesnt restrict them to a certain number of copies or to a special device as it is the case with iTunes and the iPod. Although Apple is currently trying to improve its choice of DRM-Free tracks, it still lacks the greater choice and lower price of companies such as Amazon which could lead to custmers switching over from Apple to those in terms of DRM more convinincing sites. Also the threat of illegal download sites would have an negative impact, due to the availability of free digital content that could sway customers away from Apples iTunes. Opportunities: Although currently especially the youth customer segment is seen as the major target group for downloading, as these customers seem to be less restrictive towards new technologies, providing more substantial and sophisticated products and services for older and wealthier people could proof very profitable for Apple. With the launch of its iPhone Apple has already done an important move into the mobile phone market that might allow the company to challenge its biggest threat Nokia on their home market. As more and more customers are increasingly becoming aware of innovative techologies and of the benefits arising out of Internet downloading Apple should now take advantage of the great opportunities arising from the fast growing mobile phone download market by making its services directly downloadable to its iPhone as its rival Nokia has already done. Also, the upcoming change in the digital download industry towards ad-supported content could be an opportunity for Apple, if the compan y manages to strike advertising deals with companies that allow Apple to offer services for free to customers who agree to watching ads. This could bring a whole new bunch of customers to the company. Although these customers wont have to pay for the add-supported services, they will probably buy an iPod or an iPhone or another Apple hardware device. Resource Analysis:- The resources of an organisation include its human resource skills, the investment and the capital in every part of the organisation. Apple has advantages in the production and marketing of its new iPod music player and associated software that set the standards for the industry. It had also invested heavily in branding its products and the Apple retail stores that sold its products. All these were part of its resources. Apple takes supplies it buys in- such as components, energy, skills and capital equipment and then uses its own resources and expertise to create a product from these supplies- such as a computer or an iPod- that has a value which is higher than the combined value of all the supplies which have been used to make the product. Environmental Analysis:- Organisations need to develop corporate strategies that are best suited to their strengths and weaknesses in relation to the environment in which they operate. For example, Apple faces a highly competitive environment for its competitors in relation to the American companies such as Dell, Hewlett Packard. In addition, the company had to cope with changing levels of economic growth in many markets around the world, which influenced the decisions of its customers to purchase new computers.

La Legalización De La Cultivación De Cocaína en Bolivia

La Legalizacià ³n De La Cultivacià ³n De Cocaà ­na en Bolivia Hasta quà © punto pueden las decisiones de Evo Morales en cuanto a la legalizacià ³n de la cultivacià ³n de cocaà ­na en Bolivia ser justificados? Últimamente, los problemas asociados con el uso y venta de la coca y su derivativa, la cocaà ­na, se han aumentado en Latina Amà ©rica. Los paà ­ses de Repà ºblica Dominicana, Chile, Mà ©xico y Bolivia, entre otros, se han sufrido a las manos de las leyes internacionales, y, en otro lado, a las manos de los vendedores de la planta. Bolivia es uno de los paà ­ses mà ¡s grandes de Latinoamericana, aunque uno de los mà ¡s pobres. Tiene una poblacià ³n grande de obreros y en los à ºltimos aà ±os se ha experimentado tendencias a un partido socialista. Evo Morales, una figura importante en el à ¡mbito socio-polà ­tico en Bolivia, ha hecho un enorme esfuerzo en re-escribir las leyes sobre el uso de la droga. Este hombre ha estado en primer lugar en muchas luchas contra el ex-gobierno boliviano. Ayudà ³ en derrocar el gobierno en 2002 y en las elecciones casi ganà ³ en una victoria sorprendida. El 22 de enero de 2006 el dicho hombre se convirtià ³ en presidente de Bolivia. Se ha hizo en un hà ©roe para los campesinos bolivianos. Este hombre ha puesto muchas personas nerviosas con su inexperiencia polà ­tica en un paà ­s con una historia inestable que incluye a los Estados Unidos. Lo importante es que Evo Morales se representa como una persona del pueblo, de lo indà ­gena. Por este hombre, las personas pueden entenderse las identidades, en sus costumbres, algo tan concurrente en la vida latinoamericana. Bolivia siempre ha jugado un papel importante dentro de industria droguera. En el aà ±o 1989 un juez alemà ¡n declarà ³ que era en contra de los derechos humanos legalizar el consumo de sustancias que pueden ser peligrosas. Es el derecho de cada persona decidirse lo que quiera hacer con si misma. El ser humano tiene el derecho de hacer lo que quiera si no afecta a otra persona negativamente. En Bolivia, siempre ha sido una mata para la medicina y los campesinos bolivianos continà ºan a usar la coca como sustancia medicinal y relajante. Se dicen que reduce el hambre y el cansancio, y en un paà ­s de tanta pobreza, la gente se ve como algo de necesidad no de lujo. Se ve el uso de la coca como una extensià ³n de las leyes sobre los derechos humanos. Ademà ¡s, la cultivacià ³n de la planta ha producido una migracià ³n al à ¡rea boliviano llamado y ha dado empleo a muchos campesinos. Ha impactado mucho en el estado econà ³mico del paà ­s (ver apà ©ndice 1) que en 1987 llegà ³ a unos tres mil millones de dà ³lares estadounidenses y es un fuente de e mpleo de quizà ¡ unos 500,000 personas. Para los campesinos bolivianos es un beneficio natural de alto valor que significa una mejor calidad de vida para ellos. Segà ºn Nicholas Hopkinson en su artà ­culo, Fighting Drugs: Trafficking in the Ameritas and Europe, la industria droguera (y narcotraficante) es la mà ¡s grande despuà ©s de la explotacià ³n de las armas. La de cocaà ­na se valora a unos 150 billones de dà ³lares estadounidenses al aà ±o. (Pà ¡gina 1). Por supuesto, hay muchos que està ©n en contra de la cultivacià ³n de la coca y la llamen lo mismo que narcotrà ¡fico, lo que resulta en una industria ilegal que ayuda sà ³lo a los dueà ±os agrà ­colas de la coca. En realidad mucho del dinero ganado en la produccià ³n de la coca no llega a los labradores sino a los dueà ±os. Ademà ¡s, los enfrentamientos de los productores se han resultado en mà ¡s de cien muertos sà ³lo en el aà ±o 2003. Mientras que el gobierno ver la necesidad de tener, por lo menos, una mediana hectà ¡rea por cada familia para ayudar a la poblacià ³n, tambià ©n el gobierno ha continuado el rà ©gimen represivo contra las cultivacià ³n de los cocaleros. Otros factores en contra incluyen la dificultad en controlar la cultivacià ³n del producto y el aumento de la tasa de crà ­menes dentro del paà ­s y en otros paà ­ses asociados. ‘Funcionarios entrevistados por GAO expresaron ademà ¡s su preocupacià ³n por que los narcotraficantes han cambiado de rutas tanto en el Pacà ­fico como en el Caribe, antes de llegar con sus mercancà ­as a Centroamà ©rica y Mà ©xico, lo cual amplà ­a el campo de vigilancia’. Asimismo, pueden invocar problemas del salud mental entre otros. La cultivacià ³n de la coca ha replicado muchos efectos destructivos para el medio ambiente. En 1997 el gobierno boliviano intentà ³ erradicar la los cultivos de la coca, gracias a un programa financiera de los Estados Unidos. ‘En el perà ­odo analizado por el estudio (2000-2005) el gobierno de EEUU ha entregado $6,000 millones a Colombia y otros paà ­ses de la regià ³n para la lucha antinarcà ³ticos, el desarrollo de soluciones alternativas y reformas judiciales’. En este mismo aà ±o Evo Morales, durante una entrevista con la BBC la dijo, ‘Nunca se van a deshacer de la hoja de coca. Defenderemos a la hoja de coca. La lucha contra la coca es un pretexto para que Estados Unidos domine a Amà ©rica Latina, para que domine a nuestro pueblo, para que viole nuestra soberanà ­a’. Segà ºn Evo Morales, esa produccià ³n no es ilegal debido al hecho que no produce la cocaà ­na, sino sà ³lo produce una industria de la cultivacià ³n de la coca. Aunque existe la ley 1008 (del aà ±o 1988) que pretende controlar la cultivacià ³n y por eso el trà ¡fico de la cocaà ­na, parece que es posible leer la ley en una manera para quienquiera la necesita. Aunque los estados internacionales la consideran algo con que se puede penalizar, muchos prefieren continuar el uso como derecho humano. Segà ºn a muchos cientà ­ficos, es difà ­cil entender los efectos negativos de la coca. En Bolivia, muchos de los indios que consumen la hoja para razones tradicionales o medicinales tambià ©n sufren de otros problemas. Segà ºn Lester Grinspoon y James B. Bakalar, es difà ­cil definir los efectos debido a otros variables en el à ¡rea, por ejemplo, el alcoholismo, desempleo, etc. En mi juicio, hasta que los gobiernos y los ONG internacionales deciden modificar la ley y ponerla mà ¡s clara, no hay la posibilidad de controlar la coca. Es una sustancia con un uso tradicional para muchas personas, no sà ³lo en Bolivia, sino en muchos paà ­ses. Es un costumbre anciano que tiene poco que ver con los narcotraficantes. Sin embargo, con el uso personal viene el peligro del abuso de dicha planta. A la otra mano, si la pone totalmente ilegalizada, el valor de la cual subirà ¡ sin cesar. Es el sustento de muchas personas que la necesitan para la oportunidad de trabajar. Sin ella el impacto econà ³mico para un paà ­s ya sufriente le hace aà ºn peor. Un paà ­s subdesarrollado, del tercer mundo, hasta las narices en deudas nacionales se va a morir. Econà ³micamente y polà ­ticamente, Bolivia no le encuentra en una situacià ³n para reforzar las leyes que prohà ­ben la mejor oportunidad de tener una vida mejor para las personas bolivianas. Para Evo Morales, aunque sus ideas y deseos pueden ser pocos idealistas, tiene la justificacià ³n bastante para legalizar la cultivacià ³n de la coca. Para los cocaleros y los demà ¡s del paà ­s es primordial que tiene este trabajo para apoyar a la poblacià ³n. Sea cuà ¡l sea los aspectos negativos que son creados gracias al valor de la mata, es cierto que no se puede negar los alimentos y necesidades bà ¡sicas de un pueblo entero. Apà ©ndice 1. Paà ­s Porcentaje de la cultivacià ³n de la coca à rea de cultivacià ³n. (hectà ¡reas) Valor de coca exportada (USD) Bolivia 45 70,000 3 billà ³n Perà º 45 260,000 1.5 billà ³n Colombia 8 27,000 3 billà ³n Hopkinson, Nicholas: Fighting Drugs: Trafficking in the Americans and Europe Wilton Park Papers: London: August 1991:Pà ¡gina 2 Bibliografà ­a. Libros / artà ­culos consultados: Grinspoon, Lester and Bakalar, James B: 1970: Cocaine: A drug and its social evolution. New York: Basic Book Publishers. Hopkinson, Nicholas: 1991: Fighting Drugs: Trafficking in the Americans and Europe. London: Wilton Park Papers, no. 43. Jorgensen, Steen, et al:1992: Bolivias Answer to Poverty, Economic Crisis and Adjustment: The Emergency Social Fund (World Bank Regional Sectoral Studies) Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel: 22/9/2005: Coca is everything here: hard truths about Bolivias drug war. US: World Policy Journal. Leons, Madeline Barbara and Sanabria, Harry (ed): 1997: Coca, Cocaine and Bolivian Reality. New York: State University of New York Press. Malamud Goti, Jaime E.: 2004: Humo y espejos. Editores del puerto: lugar desconocido. McNicoll, Andrà ©: 1983: Drug Trafficking: A North-South Perspective. Ottawa: The North-South Institute. Painter, James:1994: Bolivia and Coca: A Study in Dependency. CO, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Reyes Gerado :12/13/2005: Cuestionan cifras optimistas sobre flujo de drogas a EEUU: El Nuevo Herald. Mirtenbaum, Josà ©: La lucha por la despenalizacià ³n de la coca: 2005: 21/2/2006: http://narcosphere.narconews.com/story/2005/11/8/183258/544 Rodrà ­guez, Alejandro: Bolivia: Who is EvoMorales?: Left Green Weekly: 21/2/2006: http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2002/501/501p16b.htm

The Violence of The Queen of Spades Essay -- The Queen of Spades

The Violence of Plath’s Daddy  Ã‚   "Daddy" is probably Plath’s most famous poem. The critic George Steiner has said that, "It is a poem by which future generations will seek to know us." He has also called it, "the Guernica of modern poetry." The violence of its imagery and tone, the references to concentration camps, torture and fascism certainly evoke Picasso’s most celebrated painting. Plath claimed that in this poem she was adopting the persona of a girl with an Electra complex whose father had been a fascist, but while the poem is not completely autobiographical, it contains several obvious references to her own life. For example, here she refers to the picture of her father: "You stand at the blackboard, daddy, In the picture I have of you" This is a direct image of the actual photograph the Plaths possessed of Otto in front of his blackboard at the University. Similarly, the "man in black with a Meinkampf look" and the "vampire" who "drank my blood" for "seven years" is a reference to her perception of Hughes to whom she had been married for seven years when t...

Voice over Internet Protocol Essay -- VoIP Technology Networking Essay

Voice over Internet Protocol Definition of VoIP â€Å"Mr. Watson, come here, I want you!† These were the first words that were spoken over the phone back on March 10 1876. If you combine this invention with the same invention of the first computer that was completed nearly 70 years later in 1946, you would then be able to access VoIP. VoIP is also known as voice over internet protocol. VoIP is in essence the ability to talk with ones voice via computer to computer. In the next few pages you will learn about the history of VoIP, how it works, the requirements that are needed to use VoIP, the benefits and risks of this type of technology, and lastly you will get a glimpse at the future of VoIP. Not many people know what VoIP is or even that it exists. VoIP was designed to help with the costs for long distance charges. The idea or premise of this type of technology was conceived to use ones phone line and make a call through the Internet. It was designed to be used for both local and long distance calls thus cutting phone bill costs. The VoIP way of communication was started back in 1995 and was the result of work done by some hobbyists in Israel (Interangent, 2005). These hobbyists as well as other great inventors saw a good idea. Their idea was to be able to communicate through the computer as appose to talking over the phone. The idea was not so much to get away from the phone system but more to avoid long distance charges. In the beginning VoIP was only available when there was a direct personal computer to personal computer connection. Later in 1995 Vocaltec, Inc. released Internet Phone Software (Interagent, 2005). In the beginning it was fairly difficult to use. Due to the fact that in order to really be able to communicate using VoIP both the computers that were trying to communicate to each other would be required to use the same equipment, have a sound card and use a microphone. It was a good first effort, but as many firsts, the quality was very poor. VoIP would make great strides in the next three years. In 1998 VoIP had made such great strides that some companies were able to offer personal computer to phone services. The strides also were able to offer phone to phone contact. In the beginning VoIP did not charge their customers but chose to get payment through advertisements. When you made the phone call you would have to wait through an advert... ...base TechLand Group (2005). Strategies for Migrating Corporate Voice Traffic to the Data Network, Retrieved June 6, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.techland.co.uk/index/page.index Try-three. (2005). History VoIP Article. Retrieved May 21, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.try-there.com/voip/directory/history-voip.html Tyson, J. (2005). How stuff works. How voip works. Retrieved June 3, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htm Voippreview. (2004). History of VoIP. Retrieved May 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.voipreview.org/news.details.aspx?nid=51 Wagner, J. (2004, June 21). Networking. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/infr/article.php/3371431 Webopedia (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.webopedia.com What Is (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.whatis.com Wikipedia (2004). Definitions in Technology. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web: www.wikipedia.com Wikipedia (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 11, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.wikipedia.org

Love vs. Infatuation

Do you remember the first time you gave any serious thought to the meaning of love? As a youngster you may have carved entwined hearts on a tree or scrawled them on a notebook. For many of you, the words â€Å"I love you† flowed easily during high school dating experiences, but for others the sentiment was unspoken or virtually unknown. We can remember as teenagers talking about love with our peers and wondering how we would know when it happened. At times we felt certain that what we were feeling was love—only to decided, in light of the broken romance, that it was just â€Å"infatuation.† Occasional discussion with adults elicited a series of homilies about not letting the heart rule the head. A married cousin, perhaps speaking from experience, advised, â€Å"Never date anyone you wouldn’t consider marrying.† The point was clear: one might fall in love with someone with whom marriage was inappropriate. Parental words of wisdom ranged from â€Å"It’s as easy to fall in love with a rich person as a poor one† to â€Å"Don’t worry about it. When love hits, you’ll know it.† None of this advice seemed very helpful. Even so, we all knew that whatever love was, it was very serious (Hinkle, 2001). Popular songs, films, and novels were just as confusing. Literature classes exposed us to the peculiarities of love as experienced, for example, by Dante and Beatrice—the love that inspired Dante’s Divine Comedy. As a child, Dante saw Beatrice once and never recovered from the passion he felt. He married someone else and had seven children, but in his poems he mentions only Beatrice. II. Discussion A. What is love and infatuation? How does it differ from each other? Every individual desires to have his/her own partner in life; thus, desires to be loved and to loved. This is the reason why young people and older ones indulge in courtship to seek love and find a potential partner for marriage. This motivates everyone to watch romantic movies and read novels that show two people who are head-over-heels in love with each other. But are they really experiencing the true meaning of love or is it just an infatuation? Many young people thought that it is already love when the time they feel something for the opposite sex but most often, it is just an infatuation. So how can a person know that what he/she feels is love or just an infatuation? Love is basically giving your all in all unselfishly. The best description of love can be found in the Bible on 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8): â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no records of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would simply mean that love is not based on feelings but based on decision and commitment. Loving someone who has many flaws is a decision to make. Love is the all-purpose cure, covering all wrongs. It is worth searching for. It should be expressed openly. When you really love someone, you accept him for who he is regardless of his past. You do not only accept him because of his strengths and his personality but as a whole that includes his totality as a person.   Moreover, love is wondrous state, deep, tender and reassuring. Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research (Harlow, 2003). On the other hand, infatuation is the opposite of love. The true concept of love is misinterpreted. This is usually happening to the young ones who are very emotional due to their being young. Young people are mostly motivated by emotions; thus, they make decisions very quickly without logic but by feelings alone. They thought that the excessive passion they feel for the opposite sex is already love but it is not and basically just an infatuation. Infatuation is an excessive passion for the other person. Its ground is how the person feels for the opposite sex basically does not involve logic, decision and commitment because when he discovers some flaws and weaknesses, he immediately get discourage for that person. That is why we sometimes hear the line â€Å"I am falling out of love† for those people who are just infatuated. III. Conclusion Infatuation can be viewed as a temporary, aroused sate that we cognitively labels as love. The strong affection of companionate love, which often emerges as a relationship matures, is enhanced by an equitable relationship and by intimate self-disclosure. True love sustains the marriage. No matter how life difficult is, the two people who are committed and bind with love can survive the storms of their relationship. Moreover, love is based on a decision and commitment. It accepts the flaws of other’s behalf. Love can cover multitudes of wrongs and easily forgives. In establishing a relationship, love is very important and significant because if there is no love, the relationship cannot continue. While infatuation is based on feelings; thus, it fluctuates when it sees mistakes and flaws. It does not endure hardships. You can love the person now and the next day, you may not feel loving him anymore; thus, the special feelings you have for your partner is just based on â€Å"emotions† which is usually called as â€Å"infatuation.† Young individuals must not rush in making decisions in getting married but must think million times. Therefore, infatuation is a counterfeit of love. Reference: Harlow, Harry (2003). â€Å"The nature of Love.† American Psychologist 13:673-685. Hinkle, Dennis E., & Sporakowski Michael J. (2001). Attitudes toward Love: A Reexamination.† Journal of Marriage and the Family 37: 764-767. Love. 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8. The Student Bible. New International Version.       Love vs. Infatuation Do you remember the first time you gave any serious thought to the meaning of love? As a youngster you may have carved entwined hearts on a tree or scrawled them on a notebook. For many of you, the words â€Å"I love you† flowed easily during high school dating experiences, but for others the sentiment was unspoken or virtually unknown. We can remember as teenagers talking about love with our peers and wondering how we would know when it happened. At times we felt certain that what we were feeling was love—only to decided, in light of the broken romance, that it was just â€Å"infatuation.† Occasional discussion with adults elicited a series of homilies about not letting the heart rule the head. A married cousin, perhaps speaking from experience, advised, â€Å"Never date anyone you wouldn’t consider marrying.† The point was clear: one might fall in love with someone with whom marriage was inappropriate. Parental words of wisdom ranged from â€Å"It’s as easy to fall in love with a rich person as a poor one† to â€Å"Don’t worry about it. When love hits, you’ll know it.† None of this advice seemed very helpful. Even so, we all knew that whatever love was, it was very serious (Hinkle, 2001). Popular songs, films, and novels were just as confusing. Literature classes exposed us to the peculiarities of love as experienced, for example, by Dante and Beatrice—the love that inspired Dante’s Divine Comedy. As a child, Dante saw Beatrice once and never recovered from the passion he felt. He married someone else and had seven children, but in his poems he mentions only Beatrice. II. Discussion A. What is love and infatuation? How does it differ from each other? Every individual desires to have his/her own partner in life; thus, desires to be loved and to loved. This is the reason why young people and older ones indulge in courtship to seek love and find a potential partner for marriage. This motivates everyone to watch romantic movies and read novels that show two people who are head-over-heels in love with each other. But are they really experiencing the true meaning of love or is it just an infatuation? Many young people thought that it is already love when the time they feel something for the opposite sex but most often, it is just an infatuation. So how can a person know that what he/she feels is love or just an infatuation? Love is basically giving your all in all unselfishly. The best description of love can be found in the Bible on 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8): â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no records of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would simply mean that love is not based on feelings but based on decision and commitment. Loving someone who has many flaws is a decision to make. Love is the all-purpose cure, covering all wrongs. It is worth searching for. It should be expressed openly. When you really love someone, you accept him for who he is regardless of his past. You do not only accept him because of his strengths and his personality but as a whole that includes his totality as a person.   Moreover, love is wondrous state, deep, tender and reassuring. Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research (Harlow, 2003). On the other hand, infatuation is the opposite of love. The true concept of love is misinterpreted. This is usually happening to the young ones who are very emotional due to their being young. Young people are mostly motivated by emotions; thus, they make decisions very quickly without logic but by feelings alone. They thought that the excessive passion they feel for the opposite sex is already love but it is not and basically just an infatuation. Infatuation is an excessive passion for the other person. Its ground is how the person feels for the opposite sex basically does not involve logic, decision and commitment because when he discovers some flaws and weaknesses, he immediately get discourage for that person. That is why we sometimes hear the line â€Å"I am falling out of love† for those people who are just infatuated. III. Conclusion Infatuation can be viewed as a temporary, aroused sate that we cognitively labels as love. The strong affection of companionate love, which often emerges as a relationship matures, is enhanced by an equitable relationship and by intimate self-disclosure. True love sustains the marriage. No matter how life difficult is, the two people who are committed and bind with love can survive the storms of their relationship. Moreover, love is based on a decision and commitment. It accepts the flaws of other’s behalf. Love can cover multitudes of wrongs and easily forgives. In establishing a relationship, love is very important and significant because if there is no love, the relationship cannot continue. While infatuation is based on feelings; thus, it fluctuates when it sees mistakes and flaws. It does not endure hardships. You can love the person now and the next day, you may not feel loving him anymore; thus, the special feelings you have for your partner is just based on â€Å"emotions† which is usually called as â€Å"infatuation.† Young individuals must not rush in making decisions in getting married but must think million times. Therefore, infatuation is a counterfeit of love. Reference: Harlow, Harry (2003). â€Å"The nature of Love.† American Psychologist 13:673-685. Hinkle, Dennis E., & Sporakowski Michael J. (2001). Attitudes toward Love: A Reexamination.† Journal of Marriage and the Family 37: 764-767. Love. 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8. The Student Bible. New International Version.      

The movie fracture is an example of a psychological drama

The mental picture fracture is an example of a psychological drama, compete by set of dexterous pictorial matter pseuds. Among the knowing actors in Hollywood, Anthony Hopkins and Ryan Gosling ar chosen to play the two rail roles of the creditization. A multi awarded and angiotensin converting enzyme of the most popular actors in his time and at present, Anthony Hopkins contend the lead role in the depiction fracture as the Tem Crawford.Who was a local anaesthetic engineer who had attempted to withdraw his wife later discovering that her young wife Jennifer that was played by a nonher young talented actress Embeth Davidtz, which was having an affaire with local police detective. On the other hand, Ryan Gosling a talented actor as well, plays the critical role of the photograph as the young and promising order attorney who is about make a defining moment of his c areer as a rightyer moving to a much glamorous right firm.From the moment Ted Crawford discover th at her young wife Jennifer is having an affair with a local police detective, he then starts to master plan the operation of killing her wife. sensation day after making entirely the necessary plans, Crawford held his wife Jennifer inside their house and he supposition her on the head in plosive speech sound blank range. This incident cause get down to the community and police respondents starts to move all over the place.Among the entire hostage negotiator who responded on the criminal offence scene, only one detective Nunally was allowed to enter the house where Crawford catch his wife. Upon entering the crime scene he saw Ted Crawford on the floor and was floor when he sees Jennifer his long time yellowish brown that was in the other room liquid on her own blood. Due to this crime Ted Crawford was held liable for shooting his wife and bequeath face court trials.This occurrence was handled by Willy Beachum, a young and talented govern attorney as his last sideslip onward moving to a recrudesce position in a fairness firm. With his record of 97% successful conviction show windows Willy Beachum had achieved as a local territory attorney, he accepts to handle the case before leaving govern attorneys office. With the belief that this case will no longer be a rocky one for this case is an open case of attempted stumble, Willy does non made the compulsory preparations as much as he did on his previous cases. Apart from Willys companionship he did not thought this case will be a scrap of psychological intelligence between him and Ted Crawford. In the end, Ted Crawford was acquitted on doing frustrated murder on her wife Jennifer.In relation of the movie fracture by Anthony Hopkins to business legal philosophy, the scenario of the struggle between the two leading character of the movie Ted Crawford and Willy Beachum on the court could be perfect to cite. Furthermore, this movie has roughlything to do with integrity cases such as frust rated murder and probably business law in terms of actions of the leading role. Business law is often characterized as corporate law that was divided into many different areas. One of its is the law of negligence or malpractice.In the movie fracture, Ryan Gosling as the young successful district attorney Willy Beachum, may violated some the law of malpractice. This law is type of master key negligence in which a practitioner in a professional line of merchandise is generally accepted failure to dress or achieve professional standards as required to their duty. In the case of Willy Breachum that was portray by the famous actor Ryan Gosling, as a district attorney he may possibly violated the law of malpractice in which he failed to perform professionally on the case of Ted Crawford.It is understandable though in court trial a winner and a loser are inevitable. However, on the movie fracture the common district attorney Willy Beachum had possibly attached negligence since he do not give enough attention and did not make needed preparation upon intervention the case of Ted Crawford resulted to the not guilty verdict of the court to the person on trial.