Marketing Plan- Pepsi in Pakistan

Contents acknowledgement3 executive summary4 challenge5 new product category5 product line extension5 incremental improvement5 introduction to the company5 sigtuation analysis7 company analysis7 mission statement7 vision statement7 market share8 customer analysis8 customers:8 consumer decision process:9 competitors10 collaborators11 climate:12 economic effect analysis12 political effect analysis13 technological factors:14 social and cultural analysis14 swot analysis of pepsi15 strengths15 weaknesses15 opportunities16 threats16 market segmentation16 behavioral base16 congnitive base17 selected market strategy17 product17 branding:17 logo18 pepsi slogan18 product line19 packaging19 price20 prices of different bottles21 discounts21 placement/distribution channel22 indirect distribution22 direct distribution22 promotions22 conclusion23 suggestions23 bibliography24 references24 evidences24 visiting cards24 acknowledgement ? We owe our gratitude to Allah Almighty whose shower of blessings and kindness has been on us throughout the working on these pages. It is His help that we finally able to compile this document. Related article: co.uk/gardenia-marketing-plan/">Gardenia Target MarketWe are indebted to our respected teacher Miss Fiaza Rehman who’s indispensable and intricate comments on various aspects conjoined with motivation made us come forth holding such as project. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ? Purpose of this project is to study the strategies which Pepsi is doing in Pakistani market for its product Pepsi cola. Pepsi International is a world renowned brand. It is a very well organized multinational company, which operates almost all over the world. In Pakistan It also has proved itself to be the No. 1 soft drink.Now days Pepsi is recognized as Pakistanis National drink Pepsi's greatest rival is Coca Cola. Coca Cola has an international recognized brand. Coke’s basic strength is its brand name. But Pepsi with its aggressive marketing planning and quick diversification in creating and promoting new ideas and product packaging, is successfully maintaining is No. 1 position in Pakistan. Pepsi is operating in Pakistan, through its 12 bottlers all over Pakistan. These bottlers are Pepsi's strength. Pepsi has given franchise to these bottlers.Bottlers, produce, distribute and help in promoting the brand. Pepsi also launched its fast food chain KFC i. e. â€Å"Kentucky Fried Chicken. † We also did analysis of the soft drink industry in Pakistan and worldwide. The soft drinks set to become world's leading beverage sector. Global consumption of soft drinks is rising by 5% a year. CHALLENGE Pepsi is doing new product development on frequent interval of times. The purpose of which is to refresh the brand. By new products and innovative ideas consumers can easily be attracted.In following ways Pepsi is doing new product development. New product category Pepsi which is mainly a company of soft drinks after establishing a brand in Pakistan Pepsi came into several new product category. Lays, kurkuray and aqua fina, fast food restaurants are the examples of new product category. Product line extension Mountain dew is the most recent addition in the product line of soft drinks which is very popular especially among the youngsters. However Pepsi launch its several variants with a minor difference on frequent interval of time.There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years since 1903, including Diet Pepsi, Crystal Pepsi, Pepsi Twist, Pepsi Max, Pepsi Samba, Pepsi Blue, Pepsi Gold, Pepsi Holiday Spice, Pepsi Jazz, Pepsi X (available in Finland and Brazil), Pepsi Next (available in Japan and South Korea), Pepsi Raw, Pepsi Retro in Mexico, Pepsi One, Pepsi Ice Cucumber and Pepsi White in Japan. * Line Filling Pepsi claims that they are doing mass marketing but there was an unfilled gap in the consumers. The diabetic patient can’t use the regular Pepsi because f the sugar. So Pepsi had introduced diet Pepsi to fill the gap in their drinks as of then onwards even diabetic people became their consumers. Incremental Improvement Pepsi jumb o is an example of incremental improvement made by Pepsi. It was 2. 25 liter bottle introduced few years ago in Pakistan. The purpose of this packing is to offer the Pepsi to a family for one or two time meals. Price of this pack is also kept low so that is can be affordable easily by the consumers. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY Pepsi International is a world renowned brand.It is a very well organized multinational company, which operates almost all over the world. They produce, one of best carbonated drinks in the world. Pepsi is a symbol of hygiene, quality and service, all over the world. Pepsi is producing Cola for more than 100 years and it has dominated the world market for a long time. Its head office is in New York. HISTORY OF PEPSI COLA It was first introduced as â€Å"Brad's Drink† in New Bern, North Carolina in 1898 by Caleb Bradham, who made it at his pharmacy where the drink was sold.It was later named Pepsi Cola, possibly due to the digestive enzyme pepsin and kol a nuts used in the recipe. Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was delicious and would aid in digestion and boost energy. In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as â€Å"A bully drink†¦ efreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race†. The advertising theme â€Å"Delicious and Healthful† was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1905. In the year 1929, the logo was changed again. In 1931, at the depth of the Great Depression, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered bankruptcy – in large part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a r esult of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Eight years later, the company went bankrupt again.Pepsi's assets were then purchased by Charles Guth, the President of Loft Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores' fountains after Coke refused to give him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula. During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was slashed to five cents, sales increased substantially.With a radio advertising campaign featuring the jingle â€Å"Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you,† arranged in such a way that the jingle never ends. Pepsi encouraged price-watching consum ers to switch, obliquely referring to the Coca-Cola standard of six ounces per bottle for the price of five cents (a nickel), instead of the 12 ounces Pepsi sold at the same price. Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. In 1937 500,000,000 bottles of Pepsi were consumed.From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled. Pepsi's success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A long legal battle, Guth v. Loft, then ensued, with the case reaching the Delaware Supreme Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth. PEPSI COLA PAKISTAN The market in Pakistan is surely dominated by Pepsi. It has proven itself to be the No. 1 soft drink in Pakistan. Now days Pepsi is recognized as Pakistanis National drink.In 1971, first plant of Pepsi was constru cted in Multan, and from there after Pepsi is going higher and higher. Pepsi is the choice soft drink of every one. It is consumed by all age groups because of its distinctive taste. Compared with other Cola in the market, it is a bit sweeter and it contributes greatly to its liking by all. Consumer’s survey results explain the same outcome and Pepsi has been declared as the most wanted soft drink of Pakistan. SITUATION ANALYSIS COMPANY ANALYSIS MISSION STATEMENT â€Å"To be the world's premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages.We seek to produce healthy financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. † VISION STATEMENT â€Å"To be the world's best beverage company†. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness and value, so that their every customer is contented and happy with their products. † â€Å"To increase the value of their shareholder’s investment through sales growth, cost control and wise investment of resources. † MARKET SHAREWhen Pepsi was introduced in Pakistan, it faced fierce competition with 7up, lemon and lime drinks, which was established during 1968, in Multan. Pepsi introduced its lemon and lime, â€Å"Teem† to compete with 7up. It successfully, after some years, took over 7up, and this enhanced Pepsi's profits and market share. In Pakistan, Pepsi with 7up enjoys 70% of the market share where as the coke just has 20% markets share. Pepsi is operating in Pakistan, through its 12 bottlers all over Pakistan. These bottlers are Pepsi's strength. Pepsi has given franchise to these bottlers. Bottlers, produce, distribute and help in promoting the brand.Pepsi also launched its fast food chain KFC i. e. â€Å"Kentucky Fried Chicken. † CUSTOMER AN ALYSIS CUSTOMERS: There are three types of customers 1. Consumer 2. Business 3. Government Pepsi main focus is the consumers which are the end users. Pepsi has to make its marketing strategies keeping in view the consumer buying behavior. To forecast the behavior of the consumer is a business problem. Physical aspect of the consumer can be satisfied but it is difficult to satisfy the consumer psychologically. Consumer buying behavior is affected by certain factors like Cultural factors, Social factors, Personal factors and Psychological factors.So the producer should keep these factors in Mind while promoting their product so that they can acquire the customer and increase their market share. There are different consumers in a society whose behavior is not the same. Every consumer has a different perception of different products. Some consumers are impressed by one quality of the product which may be in the view of other consumer not that impressive. So to deal with different consum ers in a society one should know about the consumer buying behavior process which may help in making a true picture of their product in the mind of the consumers.About 75 million cases a year for Pepsi alone; the total beverage market is about 120 million cases of which 65% per cent are Pepsi products; about 20 to 22 per cent are Coca-Cola products and Zum Zum cola and Mecca Cola, Amrit Cola and Muslim Cola†¦ there are so many colas; there is RC and Double Cola which are franchised products. Altogether they have around 5 per cent of the market. Due to the Afghan and Iraq wars, they did get a little footing especially in the frontier and Islamabad area but still they are not hugely popular * ? Total annual sale of soft drink in Pakistan 120 million cases * ?Pepsi annual sales in Pakistan 75 million * ? Market share of Pepsi 65% * ? Consumption growth 1. 7 % per year CONSUMER DECISION PROCESS: Consumer decision process or consumer buying behavior is explained in some steps which are discussed below: * Need Identification The consumer is thirsty and he wants to quench his thirst. * Information Search He will search as to what will satisfy his thirst the most. * Evaluation of Alternatives He will now evaluate from the wide range of beverages available to him that which one of them is suitable to him in terms of quality, taste and is pocket friendly. Selection After evaluating the product he will select a product. * Purchase The consumer will buy the selected product. * Post-Purchase Experience: It is the experience that the consumer gets after using the product. He will use the product again if he feels that his satisfaction after use is more or equal to the price of the product. After looking at above mentioned example, we can get an understanding that a product should be so desirable that whenever a person identifies his need, he selects our product among various substitute products and he feel satisfies so that he retains the use of that product.COMPETITOR S Company who directly target your customers. The marketing concept states that to be successful, a company must provide greater customer value and satisfaction than its competitors do. Pepsi has a tough competition with Coca Cola while it faces a little competition with the local producers like RC Cola, Shandi Cola etc. The local producers hardly affect the sales of Pepsi in the market. There are different types of competitor in the market. Some of them in which our product lies are discussed below: ? Close Competitor Pepsi and Coke are close competitors.It means that both have direct competition in the market, their products are close substitutes for one another. Both the products can influence the market share of one another through effective strategies made to cope up with their competitors. * Distant competitors Pepsi cola and Nestle juice are distant competitors of one another. It means that their products satisfy the same want but they are in indirect competition with one ano ther. * Strong Vs Weak: Coca Cola and Pepsi are strong competitors. In Pakistan Pepsi is the market leader and Coca Cola is its competitor.The Pepsi makes defense strategies so that it can maintain its position in the market. While Coca Cola is a challenger and it makes attack strategies so that it can become the market leader. Pepsi and Shandi Cola are weak competitors. Pepsi is the market leader and Shandi Cola is the follower. Pepsi is not in direct competition with the Shandi Cola. It means that Shandi Cola has little effect on the sales of Pepsi. COLLABORATORS Pepsi Cola International has given franchises all over Pakistan. These companies have installed their plants in different parts of Pakistan with these specified areas and names e. g.City| Name of Franchise| Karachi| Pakistan Bottlers| Lahore| Riaz Bottlers| Faisalabad| Punjab Beverage | Multan| Shamim ; company| Pepsi Cola provides consumers place utility which is, where ever and whenever you want it, you get it! Pepsiâ⠂¬â„¢s channel of distribution is very aggressive according to the consumers, manufacturers and distributors. Pepsi has 12 different units in different areas of Pakistan, which make the Pepsi easily available all over the country. The cities in which the Pepsi units are: * Lahore * Sukkur * Karachi * Multan * Dera Ghazi Khan * Islamabad * Faisalabad * Quetta * Hyderabad * Sahiwal * HattarPepsi is an international brand so it also has other units in other countries of the world like America, Europe, Afghanistan, Middle East and Central Asia. The big advantage for Pepsi in Pakistan is that it distributes the product through bottlers. So bottlers’ effort also contributes in the promotion of Pepsi. CLIMATE: ECONOMIC EFFECT ANALYSIS * Income and Income per Capita If the income level or per capita income of the people increases, it will have a positive effect on the consumption of Pepsi. * Inflation If the country faces inflationary trend in the market, the price of the Pepsi will ultimately increase which will lower its demand. Consumption Behavior Pakistan is a consumption oriented society. Due to demonstration effect the people are more inclined towards consumption than saving. So the people of Pakistan spent heavily on food items. Hence Pepsi has a good market share in the present circumstances. * Income Distribution It means how much is in the hands of rich and poor class. In Pakistan 10% rich people posses 93% of wealth and 90% people posses 7% of wealth. If there is balanced distribution of income in the country, the consumption of the people will increase hence increasing the sales of beverages as well. * Payment ModAs the use of plastic money is increasing the consumption pattern of the people are increasing. Although it will have a low affect on the consumption of Pepsi. * Employment Opportunities As employment opportunities increase the living standard of the people increase and the people consume more. * Aggregate Demand In case of Pepsi, aggregat e demand of the product increases in the season of summer as the hot weather makes the consumers want to drink more. * Aggregate Supply In summer season to cope up with the increasing demand they have to increase the aggregate supply of their product. * Economic PoliciesSome of the economic policies which can affect the market of Pepsi are discussed below: * Fiscal Policy It is the policy of taxes. If heavy tax is levied on Pepsi then its price will rise having negative effect on its consumption. * Monetary Policy Monetary policy is made to restrict or increase the supply of money in the market. If policies are made to restrict the flow of money in the market, inflation can be controlled hence increasing the real income of the people which will ultimately affect the consumption of Pepsi. * Price Policy If price of Pepsi is increased its demand will decrease and vice versa. Income Policy If income of the people will increase their purchasing power will increase and hence increasing t he market share of Pepsi. POLITICAL EFFECT ANALYSIS * Political Stability: Whenever the government is considered to be stable, the business will flourish. If there is political stability in the country the policies and strategies made by Pepsi can be consistent to be implemented. Foreign companies are also keen to invest in those countries which are politically stable where they have no fear of decline in their market share or shut down due to sudden change of government. Mixed Economy In mixed economy government and private sector both plays their role in developing the economy of the country. Investment by foreign companies like Pepsi is more likely to flourish in mixed economy.? * Laws Formulation Government has given copy rights to Pepsi so that another company cannot sell their product by the name of Pepsi. The countries where laws are formulated, the strategies and activities of the company are different. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: * Research and DevelopmentThrough research and de velopment quality of the product can be improved or better techniques or machinery can be developed which can increase the production. When technology is advance the supply of the product increase hence the company experiences growth in their business. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANALYSIS * Psychographic It is a combination of demographic and psychological factors. Psychological attributes mean how you perceive things. The company will focus on the behavior of consumers and make different changes in their product quantity or quality and in promoting their product so that they can attract the customers.Keeping in view that the behavior of different consumers is not alike they have to make their marketing strategies in accordance with their requirements so that they are convinced to buy the product. * Religious Religious factors can influence the market sales of Pepsi as it happened in 2003 when the U. S-led attack on Iraq, wide sections of society in Pakistan have banned American multination als Coke and Pepsi * Social Status Pepsi is a well renowned brand. People who are brand conscious will not drink beverages of lesser known brands such as Amrat cola.They will try to show their status by drinking Pepsi which is known to all as a quality drink. * Media It is a very important factor for marketing. Media these days is a very effective way of inspiring people to buy a specific product. A good promotion can boast up sales to a great extent. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PEPSI SWOT Analysis, which is based on thorough review of the business (corporation, product category competition, customers and products), identities and evaluates the internal strengths and weakness of the companies well as its external threats and opportunities.The marketing mix is driven by the results of the SWOT analysis. STRENGTHS * Demand of Pepsi is more than its competitors. * Company has a very established name and a good reputation. * Pepsi has large market share than its competitors. * As the target custom ers of Pepsi is young generation, so Pepsi has more brand loyal customers. * Most of the customers are satisfied with the price of the Pepsi. * Pepsi is an international company and it has a very strong position internationally. * The environment of factory is very good and attractive. * Pepsi spends a lot of budget on its advertising. Pepsi has a very vast distribution channel and it is easily available everywhere. * Employees are also motivated. * Pepsi offers many discount schemes for customers time to time. * Pepsi Cola is sponsoring sports, musical concerts, walks. * The location of the Pepsi plant is utilized that all major markets of Lahore are within the reach of the Pepsi plant within 30-45 minutes. WEAKNESSES * Pepsi does not offer any sort of incentive or discount to its retailers. * Pepsi target only young customers in their promotions. * Crown of the disposable bottle is not good. * Demand of disposal bottle is declining. Pepsi tin pack is not available in far off rural areas. * Pepsi is not considering many potential outlets like hotels, college canteens etc. OPPORTUNITIES * Company may start entering rural areas also. * The company may also diversify its business in some other potential business. * Increased interest of people in musical groups, cultural shows and sports has provided an opportunity for Pepsi to increase its sales through them. THREATS * The main competitor of the company is the Coca Cola. * At the international level, Pepsi has a very strong competition with Coke.Coke has started its advertisements more effectively to increase their demand and it is a very strong threat for Pepsi. * Cola drinks are not good for the health so the awareness level of the people is increasing which is a big threat to the company. MARKET SEGMENTATION It means that you divide the target market in to different groups. Market consists of buyers and buyers differ in one or more ways. They may differ in wants, resources, locations and buying practices. Th rough market segmentation companies divide large, heterogeneous markets into smaller segments that can be reached more efficiently and effectively with products nd services that match their unique needs. Segmentation is done on basis of the previously mentioned external factors and the following: BEHAVIORAL BASE It is how people perceive a specific product, in short psychological analysis of a product. Pepsi all over the world is recognized as a quality drink and therefore people drink it without any hesitation whenever they are thirsty or otherwise. So marketers of Pepsi have made it a drink for all people and for diabetic people they introduced diet Pepsi. CONGNITIVE BASE It pushes and pulls the consumer.If the outlook of Pepsi bottle is desirable and it attracts the consumer, he will buy it even if he isn’t thirsty. SELECTED MARKET STRATEGY PRODUCT The soft drinks market in Pakistan enjoys dynamic growth in both volume and value terms. Carbonated drinks have become part of the culture in Pakistan and multinational companies have maintained standards over the years to provide the nation with high-quality drinks. Rural areas of Pakistan have driven sales of carbonated drinks to new heights as more than 60 percent of the population resides in rural areas and young consumers are more attracted to advertising.Pepsi is the most popular and leader brand in the Pakistani market and is consumed by children and adults alike. Pepsi is a responsible corporate brand of Pakistan and have contributed a lot to the economy. In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need. Until unless the product of the company is not strong in the market it cannot survive in the longer run. Pepsi has a product line comprised up of carbohydrate drinks, Lays and many other products in Pakistan.Pepsi’s product line satisfies consumer needs because Pepsi produces different types of soft drinks for different consumers. The most popular product of Pepsi is Pepsi Cola. Due to its good taste Pepsi is a well-known product. Thus Pepsi Cola satisfies the consumer’s needs efficiently by launching a desired product. BRANDING: Consumer view a brand name as an important part of the product and branding can add value to the product. A name, term, sign, symbol or design or a combination of these intended to identify the goods and services of one eller or group of seller and to differentiate them from their competitors. LOGO Logo is what establishes a brand name in the consumer mind. It is the brands identify, signature, image and more often it is a logo that makes of breaks a product logo plays a very effective role to improve the product or brand. Pepsi kept on changing its logo from time to time along with the trade marks. Evolution of Pepsi logo ? PEPSI SLOGAN 1909-1939:  Ã‚  Ã‚   | Delicious and Healthful | 1939-1950: | Twice As Much For A Nickel Too | 1950-1963: | The Light Refreshment | 1953-1961: | Be Sociable | 961-1963: | Now It's Pepsi For Those Who Think Young | 1963-1967: | Come Alive! You're In The Pepsi Generation | 1967-1969: | Taste That Beats The Others Cold | 1969-1973: | You've Got A Lot To Live, Pepsi's Got A Lot To Give | 1973-1975: | Join The Pepsi People Feelin' Free | 1975-1978: | Have A Pepsi Day | 1978-1981: | Catch That Pepsi Spirit | 1981-1982: | Pepsi's Got Your Taste For Life! | 1983-1983: | Pepsi Now! | 1984-now : | Pepsi, The Choice Of A New Generation | 2000 : The choice of a new generation. 2003 : Zinda Dilon Ki Pehchan. 006 : Generation next. PRODUCT LINE SODA| WATER| CHIPS| JUICES| Pepsi cola| Aquafina| Lays | Tropicana | Teem | | Kurkure | | Mirinda | | | | 7up| | | | Dew | | | | Pepsi twist| | | | PACKAGING â€Å"Packaging is a part of product planning in which a firm researchers, designs, and produces its packaging. † The physical container may be a cardboard, metal, plastic or wooden box; a cellophane, wax paper, or cloth wrapper; a glass, aluminum, or plastic jar or can; a paper bag; styro foam; some other material; or a combination of these products frequently have more than one physical container.But packaging depends upon the product nature as well as structure means either it is liquid, semi liquid or solid. In case of Pepsi Cola, they take the packaging designs by considering what is better for company and what is better or convenient for the transportation. For protecting the syrup, Pepsi Cola uses the glass as well as plastic bottles of different quantity. The variants that are offered by Pepsi in terms of size and quantity, 1. 175 ml Mini Bottle(not available now) 2. 250 ml Regular Bottle 3. 300 ml Tin 4. 1000 ml Regular Liter Bottle 5. 1500 ml Disposable BottlePRICE The amounts of money charged for a product or service, or sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or services. As price gives us the profit so this P is very important for business price of produ ct should be that which gives maximum benefit to the company and which gives maximum satisfaction to the customer. Following factors Pepsi kept in mind while determining the pricing strategy. * Price should be set according to the product demand of public. * Price should be that which gives the company maximum revenue. Price should not be too low or too high than the price competitor is charging from their customers otherwise nobody will buy your product. * Price must be keeping the view of your target market. The price of Pepsi Cola, despite being market leader is the same as that of its competitor Coca cola. Sometimes, Pepsi places its customers into some psychological pricing strategies by reducing a high priced bottle and consumers think that they save a lot of money from this. PRICES OF DIFFERENT BOTTLES Regular bottle e= rupees 12 Non Returnable/disposable= rupees 17 Liter Bottle=rupees 30 . 5 Liter Bottle= rupees 60 2. 25 Liter Bottle= rupees 70 DISCOUNTS Pepsi Cola offers va rious discounts to those retailers who have the maximum sales of Pepsi products on daily, monthly and on seasonal basis. Some of the main discounts given to the retailers are as follows: Quality Discount Following are discounts offered by Pepsi. 1/10 Discount I. e. one case of Pepsi is free on buying 10 cases of Pepsi at one time. 2/20 Discount I. e. two cases of Pepsi are free on buying 20 cases of Pepsi at one time. Seasonal Discount Following are discounts offered by Pepsi.Pepsi also offers seasonal discounts schemes by reducing price in Ramadan and on Eid. Pepsi also offers trade in allowance for retailers. PLACEMENT/DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL The Pepsi uses the following two channels for the distribution of their products. INDIRECT DISTRIBUTION Indirect distribution involves agency holders e. g. Riaz Bottlers Pvt. Ltd. Lahore franchise has divided its region i. e. Lahore and Kasur districts in two categories. Local Zone These are 62 agencies distributing Pepsi Products (250ml Sd) onl y around Lahore in their respective allocated sub zones. Out Station Zone 7 dealers have been appointed by the bottlers for far distant places and in out skirts of Lahore and Kasur the dealers involved in direct distribution are only authorized to sell 250 ml (STD) bottle of Pepsi, Team and Marinda. DIRECT DISTRIBUTION The factory vehicles operate on 45 direct routes in Lahore selling non-returnable bottles Litter, Pet and Can. PROMOTIONS In Pakistan Pepsi is the most liked soft drink especially by young generation so the Pepsi cola company has devised such marketing strategy which attracted them. For this reason they started monitoring the habits of the generation.What they saw was that the students were crazy about cricket and usually liked to idealize them so in order to increase their sales the Pepsi cola company paid high amounts of money to the cricketers to act as their spokes men. Some of the most famous cricketers in the modern era have acted as spoke persons also film star s have been acting as spoke persons. The Pepsi cola company has after doing research also has introduced different size of bottles offered at lower prices so that everyone can afford them. Also Pepsi Company has introduced other soft drinks including mountain dew, seven up and marinda.Pepsi company has introduced other flavors such as Pepsi twist, Pepsi max diet Pepsi. Pepsi Cola Company has also become official sponsors of Pakistan cricket and has sponsored a number of series. Also Pepsi has donated a lot to the earth quake victims and has launched a number of prize schemes to attract new customers As a result of this marketing strategy Pepsi has become the largest seller of soft drinks in Pakistan and is slowly forming a monopoly in drinks market. Although many soft drinks like Pepsi have been introduced such as Amrit Cola, Quibla Cola offered at lower prices but none of these drinks have been able replace it.Frequency of the Pepsi ads varies from time to time. When the season is on Pepsi do heavy advertisement especially in ramzan days or eid occasions but this advertisement not remain consist. We can hardly see the ads of Pepsi now as there is winter season. CONCLUSION Pepsi is a well renowned company and it has maintained its position well by understanding the client psychology, by ensuring quality, by introducing ingenuity in products, by enlarging its product base, by keeping economic factors in view and by intense and jazzy advertisements.Whenever and where ever there is a spotlight event, Pepsi must figure in, like the one day international cricket matches between India and Pakistan many other such occasions. The key word for success in the Marketing World is to â€Å"remain in the spotlight† and that is what Pepsi is doing. SUGGESTIONS The marketing world is full of surprises. Who could imagine that Coca Cola would be overtaken by Pepsi? If Coke could be overrun by Pepsi, it would be no wonder that Pepsi might be overtaken by some other bevera ge. The need then is to combine quality with ingenuity.Along with that, the reputation of the company has to be kept robust. Today we live in a fast moving world where novelty and newness count a lot. One cannot rest on one’s laurels. Fresh efforts, newness of approach must remain the cardinal principles of a well orchestrated marketing strategy and the campaign must be relentless. A continuous bombardment in advertisement would convince the clients that Pepsi is a part of their lives. In order to live with style, Pepsi ought to be an essential ingredient of one’s life.The Pepsi is at its maturity stage and the sales of company are not growing very rapidly. Company is doing a lot of promotional activities to let the product remain in the market. It holds a large share of the market and whenever the sales state declining, the company can improve it by different promotional activities. Marketers of Pepsi can try to improve sales by improving one or more marketing mix ele ments. They can cut prices to attract new users and competitor’s customers. They can also launch a better advertising campaign or use aggressive sales promotion to improve the sales.Thus, Pepsi is at its maturity stage. BIBLIOGRAPHY The following are the reference material where the information is collected. i) Company websitewww. pepsico. com ii) Project Outline REFERENCES The person from whom the information is collected. i) NameTousif-ur-Rahman Khan ii) Designation/PositionBusiness Unit Manager iii) Cell No. 0302-8465226 iv) Email Addresstousif. [email protected] com. pk EVIDENCES VISITING CARDS The visiting cards of the persons relevant to marketing department are attached herewith.

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With the development of technology, the students' consumption habits also change dramatically. The more smart phone and more sweet heart fast food. This sample report can show us degree students' habits on those ways clearly. Like, what kind of smart phone is the mainstream among the students? What kind of fast foods are students' favorite? 2. 0 Gender Figure 1 Gender Frequency Percent Female 28 52 Total 50 Mean 25 Median Mode Standard deviation 4. 24 Standard Deviation= -?4. 24 Figure 1 shows the gender of sample at SEG students.From this figure, it is found that most of students like McDonald's, there are 32 students for 64%. The second favorite fast food is Subway and KEF. There are 6 students like KEF and 6 students like Subway. For Pizza Hut, there are Just 4 students like it for 12%. Thus, Just few of students like other kind of fast food for 2 person. 6. 0 Religion Figure 5 Religion Buddhism 14 Christian Catholic Church Islam 20 NO Religion 8. 49 -?8. 49 The figure 5 illustrat es the religions of students. From this graph, most students do not have religion for 44%. The most religion is Buddhism for 28%.The Islam is the second most religion for 20%. It is found that Christian and Catholic Church are 4% and 4% respectively. 7. 0 Conclusion From these figures, I can find more than 90% students' age are from 19 to 24. Apple and Samsung the mainstream in their life, almost 85% students like these two brands. Meanwhile, Apple and Samsung are also the best companies. It is no doubt that McDonald's is the most favorite fast food among students. Lastly, for religion, the most biggest religion is Buddhism, and almost half students do no have religion for . PAP 1. Babe Assimilating, K. Revival,J. Divide, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 10, October-2011 2. Merrier HIM, Rayon HA, et al. Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping: predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. J Adolescent Health 2006; 39; 842-849. 3. Written by: Marlene Whimper, Ph. D. Published On: March 22, 2013 4. Paula Divine, Strain Lloyd and Ann Marie Gray Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive (ARK) February 2006

About Jhumpa Lahiri

About Jhumpa Lahiri, Jhumpa Lahiri is an Indian- American author. She was born on 11 July 1967 in London and is daughter of Indian immigrants from Bengal. She grew up in Kingston, Rhode island. She graduated from South Kingstown High school and later achieved multiple degrees in Boston university. In 2001, She married Alberto vourvoulias –Bush, A journalist who was then a deputy editor of â€Å"The Times†. Interpreter of maladies Lahiri’s short stories faced rejection from publishers for years.But, Finally in 1999, Her first short story composition was released. The short stories address sensitive dilemmas in the lives of Indians. Including themes such as miscarriages and martial difficulties. Also, the disconnection between first and second generation United States immigrants. It was highly praised by American critics and sold 600,000 copies. Also, it received the 2000 Pulitzer price for Fiction The namesake â€Å"The Namesake† was Lahiri’s first n ovel and was published in 2003. The story spans over thirty years in the Ganguli family.The Calcutta born parents emigrated as young adults to The United States Of America with their children Gongol and Sonia where they experienced the constant generational and cultural gap. Lahiri made herself as a cameo â€Å"Aunt Jhumpa†. Unaccustomed earth â€Å"Unaccustomed Earth, Her second collection of novels was published on 1 April, 2008. It went to the number 1 spot just few days after it’s release on the New York best-seller list. It was praised a lot by all critics and masses and sold thousands and thousands of copies.Achievements and awards * 1993 – TransAtlantic Award from the Henfield Foundation * 1999 –  O. Henry Award  for short story â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† * 1999 –  PEN/Hemingway Award  (Best Fiction Debut of the Year) for â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† * 1999 – â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† selected as one of  Best American Short Stories * 2000 – Addison Metcalf Award from the  American Academy of Arts and Letters * 2000 – â€Å"The Third and Final Continent† selected as one of  Best American Short Stories 2000 –  The New Yorker's Best Debut of the Year for â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† * 2000 –  Pulitzer Prize for Fiction  for her debut â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† * 2000 –  James Beard Foundation's M. F. K. Fisher Distinguished Writing Award for â€Å"Indian Takeout† in  Food & Wine Magazine * 2002 –  Guggenheim Fellowship * 2002 – â€Å"Nobody's Business† selected as one of  Best American Short Stories * 2008 –  Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award  for â€Å"Unaccustomed Earth† * 2009 –  Asian American Literary Award  for â€Å"Unaccustomed Earth†

Cross culture awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Cross culture awareness - Essay Example Organization culture is key element in the organizational excellence and it existence. Organizational culture is depending on the constructed environment of the organization, office layout, public documents like character and orientation of employees and manners of dress code, visible and audible patterns. This is group culture which is developed or invented by learning, internal integration and external adaptation. Cultural analysis is a key facto for identification and tackles the cultural differences between the parties who participate in a merger (Botha, 2001). Analysis of cultural difference and common factors in both organization and proper interaction between two parties on these difference are plays significant role in the success of a merger. Recruit Right, the company from USA and Managerial Recruiters from Japan decided to merge there business activities due to the market pressure and starts its new operation in Germany targeting the wide opportunity in European Market and also the opportunity to tackle the potential candidates, training program and tax incentives are the major enhancement for the companies to relocate and start its business in Germany. Both companies Recruit right and Managerial recruiters are belonging to two different countries which have totally different cultural. Merging these two companies are causing difficulties or issue not only because two cultural differences, but also the new endeavor they are looking to stars in Germany which is again totally different from the culture belonging to these two companies. It will be a challenge for the company to merge the two different corporate cultures and adopt totally new corporate culture. Corporate culture is the combination of the inherited values, tradition and symbols, which include general image, external and internal, prized rewards, bonus, company housing etc. Every company has its own individual characteristics and entity,

Women and Health Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women and Health - Research Proposal Example This is complex study of different interrelated factors, as age merely does not constitute towards aging diseases or undemocratic treatments. The major causes of higher mortality ratio of aging on women are cardiovascular diseases, such as â€Å"heart stroke, cancer particularly lungs and breast cancer, diabetics, and nutritional problems, such as obesity or anemic, arthritis, Alzheimer’s, mental illness leading to depression† (Olds, London, & Ladewig, pp. 1-29), dementia, and sensory impairment, such as loss of sight or hearing. Women have lower life expectancy in under developed countries than the developed due to various reasons such as improper nutrition, lack of access to healthcare, neglecting, and discrimination by the social society and mental anxiety etc. The important task is to determine the chronic ailment in women by their lifestyle, social and economic accordance, and perception of healthy lifestyle awareness that could increase their expectancy ratio but aging still gives a significant damage when the body starts to get older. They live few years more than their counterparts do but it is always engrave with sickness and disabilities (Bonita, pp. 2-25). Cardiovascular diseases mainly heart stroke is the highest and common cause of death in aged women than men. The older women are at a higher stake of heart attack and peripheral arterial diseases since their entering into the postmenopausal period. INTRODUCTION The coronary heart diseases, such as heart attack, stroke, and other arterial vascular diseases are the angle of death for the aging women in the USA herby claiming approximately 2.3 million deaths due to heart attack and 0.87 million by the stroke. The death toll of cardiovascular diseases is six times higher than widespread breast cancer in women. According to the statistics, almost 62% of older women struck by disability due to heart stroke and 36% are middle-aged women who survive the fatal heart attack (Bonita, pp. 2-25). About 58% of the women incur half of their health care bills on cardiovascular diseases. There will be an increase of 45% in the population of aged women suffering from coronary heart diseases by 2015 giving rise to the major health problem in near future. With the process of aging to 65, the risk of cardiovascular diseases toll to one in three and it will continue to grow every year. The risk of lack of awareness in women of cardiovascular diseases after the advent of postmenopausal period is substantial and is the like the shield that have been wore out and exposed to the serious coronary disease which is a crucial cause of the study (Wenger et al., pp. 247-256). Risk Factors in uprising the Cardiovascular Diseases in Women The risk for developing the chronic coronary heart diseases are unlikely the same as their male counterpart. â€Å"Smoking tobacco, hypertension, diabetic’s mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity, mal-nutritious life style, and elevated alcohol consumpt ion, increased level of serum cholesterol, higher or lower density of lipo- protein levels† (Olds, London, & Ladewig, pp. 401-440) and deprivation of estrogens hormones after the post menopause. Smoking cigarettes especially tobacco and nicotine consumption in younger women have raised by almost 23% since the last decade which is the major contribution to the chronic health diseases in the older age. Studies have also indicated that earlier in 1990's 45% of

Management Strategy Perspectives and Paradoxes Essay

Management Strategy Perspectives and Paradoxes - Essay Example In such environ, it is important for an organisation to find a 'differential aspect' of its product or service in order to survive the market competencies, otherwise the organisation will be driven out of the business ruthlessly. "Having a competitive advantage is like having a gun in knife fight". The paper explores this statement and illustrates the key factors through which a firm can attain this competitive gun while all the competitors remain fighting with their competitive knives. It goes for a gross understanding of the term 'competitive advantage', realising how it can be interpreted as 'a gun in the knife fight', plus analysing and examining a bunch of important issues underlying this concept. The focus of this paper remains to be the factors that need to be addressed by an organisation in its quest to dig out a competitive advantage to create and maintain its position in the market that is unbeatable for its competitors in a specific point in time. There happen to be several areas where a firm can manage to obtain a competitive advantage against its competitors. These areas are discussed in this paper with the help of the literature available on the given subject. "Having a competitive advantage is like having a gun in a knife fight". Consider a fight in which everybody has got a knife as weapon and using it in all ways to win the battle. During this fight, one of the fighters manages to acquire a gun. A gun in a knife fight implies having a weapon or an advantage through which any battle or competition could be won in way that nobody else could be able to claim victory for a long time. In the context of businesses, this statement entails having a competitive advantage or that aspect of an organisation, which can be utilised to fight the battle of competition and gain a superior weapon over other competitors. An exploration of this statement first of all lies in a profound understanding of the term competitive advantage and the necessary issues associated with it. The statement will be explored further in the paper after an illustration of what actually is meant by the term 'competitive advantage'. A competitive advantage is simply an aspect of the organisation that it possesses or offers to the customers. In order for an organisational aspect to constitute as a 'competitive advantage', it has to be unique in the market not adopted by any other current or potential firm in the market. This phenomenon can also be understood in the words of Barney (1991, p102) as, "a firm is said to have competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors". This value strategy can be in any form, as long as it is providing benefit to the customers and the organisation directly or indirectly. For instance, if a firm manages to produce its products at a lower cost than all other firms in the market, it is a direct benefit to the customer in the form of reduced prices and an indirect benefit to the organisation in the shape of enhanced sales. This can only become possible when the firm has identified uni que ways to lower the product costs, either unknown or inapplicable to other firms. Porter (1985, p3) illustrates the conception of competitive advantage as the ability of a firm to create value for its customers in a way that proposes more benefit

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business management - Essay Example Business management It is argued that the supply chain standards are not fixed at a uniform level or universal conditions cannot be established. Several factors should be taken into consideration while implementing a supply chain implementation or improvement plan. Factors contributing to the effective development of supply chain management are many and varied, which include: - Design and Planning Services: The company offers Design and Planning Services in order to eke the customers in order to develop efficient and ever ready data availability, layered network which supports the customer in reaching new markets and improve performance. - Operations Services: " Managed Network Operations, IT Professional Services, Technical Information Products/Services, and a comprehensive Network Support Program, ensure comprehensive operational, troubleshooting, and maintenance support that keeps your network running smoothly and ensures high network availability. - Performance Services. GSM Network Optimisation Services provide multi-vendor optimisation of 2G and 2.5G networks based on unique modelling and data analysis tools, which utilise real measurement, report data from network users in the optimisation process. - Evolution Services. With Motorola knowledge, tools, and resources, you can conduct comprehensive planning scenarios, accurately model service mixes, and quickly create network simulations for GPRS or UMTS enhanced networks, while gracefully evolving your service offerings.†" (Motorola) In the globalise era when most of the business organisations are involved in different business activities it has become inevitable for the firms independently perform all the functions. Most of the companies do not operate their supply chain and rely on other firms to perform the multi-faceted tasks. The successful and efficient combination of the operations of these firms provides the company with the competitive edge in the market. (Cook, DeBree, and Feroleto, 2001). Lummus and Vokurka (1999) points out towards the need for the managers to understand the performance of all the stake holding firms in the supply chain. According to (Pohlen, 2003), this insight in the performance of each firm will enable the managers to develop measures in order to fulfil the demands of the customers. The main task of the supply chain management is to develop a strategy which can cater the need of the customers and is aligned with the company objectives (Pohlen, 2003). In this lieu it is important for the mangers to keep on measuring the performance

Enhancing the efficacy of fresh produce washing operations Essay

Enhancing the efficacy of fresh produce washing operations - Essay Example The KKT allows for the actual translation of the research findings into pragmatic applications and commercial possibilities (OMAFRA 2010). Moreover, KTT facilitates a real life platform to the researchers so as to enable them to test the viability of their findings in the light of the real life problems and issues (OMAFRA 2010). One other salient aspect of KTT is that it helps in the identification of the possible commercial applications of a research finding, thereby making way for a rapid commercialization and actual application of the research findings (OMAFRA 2010). In a way KTT effectively bridges the gap between the scientific research and practical application, thereby accelerating the transfer of the research generated knowledge into commercially viable products and services. This paper intends to furnish a KTT plan for a research project to be presented to the University of Guelph, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Food Science. The research title is Enhancing the Efficacy of Fresh Produce Washing Operations. In the last few years the fresh produce washing industry has witnessed an immense growth. It has been estimated that the fresh cut industry produces approximately 6 million bags of salad daily (Bowen et al. 2006, Doyle et al. 2008). The per capita consumption of the fresh cut vegetables has increased by 30 percent in the period 1991 to 2006 (Doyle et al. 2008; Warriner et al. 2009). This translates into an average market growth of 1.7 percent per annum (Doyle et al. 2008; Warriner et al. 2009). However, this impressive growth of the processed fresh produce to a great extent has been eclipsed by a rising incidence of the food borne illnesses associated with the fresh cut produce (Bowen et al. 2006). No wonder, the fresh cut produce is a viable source of disease causing pathogens. In fact more cases of food borne illnesses have been

Explain some theory that you have read about in relation to the Essay

Explain some theory that you have read about in relation to the pricing of products and discuss its usefulness - Essay Example In the marketplace, they encounter a wide array of vendors and product offerings with a complex variety of benefits, prices, terms, and promotional messages. Research findings suggest that much of what people do when they buy products and services follows a definite logic. They look for cues to help simplify decision making, and often rely on simple rules of thumb. Correspondingly, it is possible to identify patterns of behavior in the way buyers go about satisfying their needs (Morris, Morris, 1990). The business must consider the customers perception of price implementing strategies such as positioning, price points and fair pricing. Price alone can be used in several ways to attract customers. There are two opposing strategies to the pricing of a product. If the business expects to be the low-cost leader, it must price (position) lower than the competition. If it wants to signal high quality, it should price products higher than most of the competition. Some manufacturers and reta ilers use price as a signal of quality. Consumers often have few indicators of quality, so price may be perceived as one of the better available cues.   By studied these various psychological aspects of consumer behavior, it becomes possible to price products and services to be of maximum appeal to the target market. Certain brands and retailers position themselves as providing value and quality at a low cost. These retailers rely on loss leaders to get consumers in the door knowing that once in, consumers are more likely to shop for other things as well. There are certain specific prices (price-points) at which people become more willing to buy a certain type of product. ‘Under  £100’ is a popular price point. An amount below  £20 including sales tax is another popular price point because it is the most popular denomination of money that people typically carry with them.

Personal Statement seeking admission to Master programme in History of

Seeking admission to Master programme in History of Science and Technology - Personal Statement Example Hence, the more reason I would want to undertake this Masters programme in History of Science and Technology in order to teach young people in school on the need for a country focusing in Science and Technology. One factor I have learned in life is the need for discipline in every pursuit that I engage in. Perhaps this comes from my military background where I worked as a finance administrator with Singapore’s People Defence Force ultimately attained the rank of Sergeant in 2009. Moreover, my other engagements, albeit in a co-curricular role, have enabled me gain focus in the direction that my career should take. These engagements in attending and organising delegates meetings within outside the country have played the crucial role in my life of finding value in helping people and influencing lives. In addition, the undergraduate scholarship-teaching award presented to me by the Ministry of Education in Singapore gave me the clear indication that I was destined to become a teacher and impact lives. They say that work without play makes Jack a dull boy. While my pursuit and the passion in becoming a teacher are self evident, I have a passion for media work. For this reason, I choose to pursue a Diploma in Multi-Media technology with a major in Film Studies and Production. In fact, my high average GPA score of 3.24 in my final semester emphasize my passion in every activity I focus on. Moreover, I have continued playing a part-time role by teaching camera handling and cinematography at a school I have helped organise. It is in light of the above that I would request for a placing in your prestigious institution to study for my Masters Degree in History of Science and Technology. I am a well-rounded student with an interest in teaching, which I believe will help me achieve my long life goals. I am a dynamic student who is ready to take what life offers in both hands and to use it to my best of

Understanding 21st Century Skills in English Language Classrooms Essay Example for Free

Understanding 21st Century Skills in English Language Classrooms Essay In an increasingly complex, demanding and competitive world, students need to go beyond the traditional 3Rs and embrace the 4Cs – communication, collaboration, critical thinking and creativity. This is the view of the 21st century Skills movement which is helping to redefine the goals of general education for today’s world. 21st Century Skills† is commonly refers to a growing global movement for redefining the goals of education, to transform every day teaching and learning practices, and to expand the range of measures that are being implemented for student achievement, all in order to meet the new demands of the 21st Century. In other words the main thrust of this movement is to make learners a productive contributors to upcoming society, for this it is necessary for the teachers to enable the learners to quickly learn the core content of a field of knowledge while also mastering a broad portfolio of essentials in learning, innovation, technology, and careers skills needed for work and life. Through multimodal activities, students will explore key elements of design such as color, shape, size, texture, density, and layout to understand and appreciate how these elements combine to convey the meaning. The demands of 21st century skills compel teachers to learn new technologies and discover ways to integrate them into their classrooms. Students are competing in a global economy, and their ability to think critically and apply knowledge at higher levels requires teachers to evaluate what and how they teach. Students and teachers are using technology to communicate, assemble and analyze information based on the demands of a changing workforce. We are no longer in an educational system that solely trains students to operate technology. Students must be able to critically think and develop the skills for lifelong learning. Teachers are focusing more on developing students’ personal dependability, perseverance, reflection, flexibility and self-discipline using 21st century strategies. Students are gathering and evaluating data, identifying viewpoints, making broad connections, considering alternatives, and making informed decisions. Teachers are creating opportunities for students to interact with each other in authentic learning experiences providing connections that are critical to developing students’ engagement, motivation, and attitudes about learning. Classrooms are beginning to reflect the media environment that students immerse themselves in on a daily basis. Using art and digital media, they will then create their own designs to express meaning for setting, character relationships, and plot. Students will realize how to use design elements to read images and how meaning in picture books is equally conveyed in both words and images. The term â€Å"learning environment† covers not only place and space (e. g. Home, a school, a classroom, a library, an online learning community), but the relationships that create a supportive environment for every child’s development. In the 21st century, learning environments should be seen as the support systems that organize the condition in which humans learn best–systems that accommodate the unique needs of every learner and support the positive human relationships needed for effective learning. Learning environments are the structures, tools and communities that inspire students and educators to attain the knowledge and skills the 21st century demands of us all. Teachers must utilize a variety of methods for the children to build their own understanding through real world applications interactions with their peers in many cooperative group activities. Life is a multimedia event, and the meanings that we secure from life are not simply contained in text; they yield their content through a wide variety of forms. The students need to have a deep understanding for the real world in order to become successful individuals and be more technologically enhanced. Students need to become more globally literate because many jobs are now more focused on those issues. Students need to know more about the world, think outside of the box, develop better people skills, and become smarter about selecting news sources. To do this it is important for teachers to keep up with the times and create a modern curriculum. One of the best ways to achieve global literacy is through communication, collaborative learning, research, and problem solving. Technology helps tremendously in these areas, so it is a great tool to use in the classroom. Not only that, but it will help the students to find more relevance in school as well. Today teachers need to prepare students for the jobs that have to be created, for the new products that have to be invented, and for the new skills required for bringing in creativity and innovation. In today’s classroom, the students have diverse backgrounds, a variety of achievement levels, and different learning styles which will all affect their ability to acquire knowledge. Teachers need to move away from the traditional methods of teaching and bring into the classroom new and innovating approaches to teach the content and lifelong skills. It is important to utilize a variety of techniques for the children to build their own understanding through real world applications and interactions with their peers in group activities. As the proponents of 21st century learning have propounded a set of educational goals, as in the learning framework the experts advocates for the integration of 4 C skills (Communication, Collaboration Critical thinking with problem solving and Creativity,) into the teaching of language skills such as English, reading or language arts, world languages. Teachers can cater to variation in the nature of their students’ aptitude by adopting a flexible teaching approach involving a variety of learning activities. They can also make use of simple learner-training materials designed to make students more aware of their own approaches to learning and to develop awareness of alternative approaches. Studies of good language learners suggest that successful language learning requires a flexible approach to learning. Thus, increasing the range of learning strategies at learners’ disposal is one way in which teachers can help them to learn. Such strategy training needs to foster an understanding that language learning requires both an experiential and an analytical approach. School-based students often tend to adopt an analytical approach to learning, even if this does not accord with their natural aptitude, as this is the kind of approach generally fostered in schools. They may have greater difficulty in adopting the kind of experiential approach required by task-based language teaching. Some learner training, therefore, may be essential if learners are to perform tasks effectively. Using the 21st Century Learning Methods to teach ESL or English as a second language is a natural fit. By using the English language learner’s personal strengths, we can quickly and easily reach them with critical information, in collaboration with structure and grammar while instilling communicative skills with creativity this in turn helps for inculcating. Nowadays, the newest model is the flipped classroom, where the student is required to watch an instructional video or lecture at home and then complete associated tasks or projects in the classroom. While students work through assignments in class, teachers can better identify and target each student’s needs and facilitate differentiated instruction. Another objective of this individualized approach is to empower students to direct their own learning by coming to class prepared to ask questions and problem solve with their peers after viewing the subject matter on their own. Authentic learning learning from real world problems and questions Students become balanced individuals who can function as members of their culture. Classroom activities based on authentic learning foster deep understanding about the subject matter it also guides the students for how does one lead a good life? Involve the community, parents, family, and guest speakers. New standards relate to the concept of performance-based assessment. Connect it to your personal life, make choices with regard to it, and reflect on it. Many schools have adopted standards in which students are asked to demonstrate their knowledge in a variety of ways, including essays, oral presentations and/or a portfolio of student work. Research a thesis, and catalogue and organize his or her information using the internet connected computer in the library media center. This brings perhaps the most important advantage for ELLs.

Using a PC Correctly and Safely Essay Example for Free

Using a PC Correctly and Safely Essay Born in 1812 the second child of a Navy Pay officer, life was never going to be easy for Charles Dickens. In his infant years Dickens had his fair share of bad luck. He knew how it felt to be cold, miserable, poor and altogether unhappy. Soon Dickens father was in debt and was sent to Marshalsea Prison, London. This unfortunate turn meant a 12 year old Dickens had to go and work in a shoe-blacking factory. This embarrassed him for all his life and he felt it was humiliation. Born in 1812 the second child of a Navy Pay officer, life was never going to be easy for Charles Dickens. In his infant years Dickens had his fair share of bad luck. He knew how it felt to be cold, miserable, poor and altogether unhappy. Soon Dickens father was in debt and was sent to Marshalsea Prison, London. This unfortunate turn meant a 12 year old Dickens had to go and work in a shoe-blacking factory. This embarrassed him for all his life and he felt it was humiliation. Dickens was determined not to be the same as his father and managed to get work as a solicitors clerk, and then moved onto a form of journalism for the political debates. Dickens successfully managed to convey what he felt about Victorian England in his books; often they featured under privileged children (Oliver Twist), and other aspects of being poor and needy. Dickens tried hard to let people know about the people working in the workhouses and the terrible conditions they worked in (David Copperfield). He tried to make the more noble class respect the less fortunate and be kinder to the homeless and needy. In his lifetime Dickens influenced the English and worldwide public with his moving stories and made a lot of money for his family in the process. Dickens is well remembered for books like A Christmas Carol but he wrote many others like, Nicholas Nickleby, A Tale of Two Cities, Hard times and of course Great Expectations. Once you turn the first page of A Christmas Carol you are struck by Dickens amazingly detailed descriptions, long sentence structures and incredible vocabulary he uses incredibly intricate words to describe things which really livens up your imagination. Scrooge is introduced to us as a miserable old miser; he hates Christmas and the poor. He dislikes giving and is generally a nasty person who, we as a reader are not meant to have any sympathy for. Dickens sets him up with phrases such as a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, covetous old sinner. . Scrooges nephew, Fred, who is full of Christmas spirit, visits him and is nice about the poor, life and Christmas. Scrooge replies every idiot who goes about with a Merry Christmas on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding this is insulting to the Christian faith and a lot of peoples beliefs. Scrooge sees the figure of his 7-year dead partner Marley morph onto his doorknocker. He goes in and lights a candle Darkness is Cheap! . Marley visits Scrooge in the night and warns him that three spirits that will change his ways will haunt him. Marley trails a Ponderous Chain which is made of ledgers, moneyboxes and other money related objects that Marley was obsessed with, much like Scrooge. From this we can see Dickens is trying to tell us that money is not everything and the chain Marley wears acts as a symbol that Scrooge and us as a nation have to take notice of. When the Ghost of Christmas Past arrives at Scrooges place of residence, Scrooge is taken on a journey through his prior years as a schoolboy. He is shown as lonely and unloved until his sister comes to pick him up. Here Dickens is showing us that family is important and can bring happiness; she addresses him as dear, dear brother. When Scrooge is taken to his old work he is reminded of how wonderful Christmas used to be. He is given the night off with a, Yo-ho reminding him of how mean he was to his clerk when he told him it was a, poor excuse for picking a mans pocket every 25th of December. This implies that we leave our mark on society; Fezziwig would leave a good one, Scrooge would not be so lucky. When Scrooge is transported to the scene of him and his fianci e together he is reminded of how he chose money over love something Dickens proves to be wrong What idol has displaced you he rejoined a Golden one. The fianci e knows Scrooge is totally in love with money and frees him from the contract they have she departs with May you be happy in the life you have chosen. This shows us as a reader that Scrooge is mean and still takes money over his life we feel sadness for the fianci e and more bitter towards Scrooge. Next Scrooge sees the ghost of Christmas Present and a throne of wonderful food to form a kind of throne, were turkeys, geese, game, poultry This shows Scrooge how wonderful Christmas can be and the amazing food that could be available to him. The people who were shovelling away on the house tops were jovial and full of glee. . Dickens shows us that if Christmas is kept in out hearts we can be warm and happy whatever the circumstance. We then read about Christmas at the Cratchits, an incredibly poor family where Bob, Scrooges clerk, is the father of several children. We read about the extreme lack of money they have and how poor Tiny Tim is supported by an iron frame. They have very little; a small pudding for a large family but they do not mind as they are with each other and that is what is important to them; the family, not the money spent. Scrooge asks about tiny Tim and finds out he is likely to die, however, the ghost quotes Scrooge saying decrease the surplus population exactly what Scrooge had said to two men collecting for the poor and needy. Scrooge begins to feel bad about what he has done and is ashamed of his prior beliefs he realizes money is not everything and you can be happy without it. Scrooge is whisked through three scenes of people celebrating Christmas joyfully even though there conditions are appalling. Scrooge then goes to his nephews party; here he sees how others interpret him, an old miser. He feels sad then Fred makes a toast to him and this brings a tear to Scrooges eyes. He is loved and knows family is important which is what we must recognise. The spirit then produces two children. One is want the other is ignorance, Dickens is trying to say we have major faults in our society that need to be corrected. People want so much, yet are ignorant about other peoples faiths or beliefs. Scrooge now sees the last of the spirits, the Ghost of Christmas Future. We first travel through the streets to a building of business to see men discussing an unnamed mans death and how they wouldnt go to his funeral unless a lunch is provided. Here Dickens is trying to say that if you live a lonely life then you will die lonely. Scrooge then travels through filthy back streets to a dingy hole where women are getting money for things they have accumulated. One of the women has taken down bed curtains from the dead mans bed you dont mean to say you took em down, rings and all, with him lying there? Yes I Do! . Dickens shows that if you die a lonely, unloved and hated person, in your death your shirt will be literally ripped off your back, like the washer women did to Scrooge. Scrooge and the spirit go to a graveyard where no mourners are present here Scrooge finds his neglected grave and realises it was his body they saw in the room and the people were talking about. Scrooge now realises all the wrong doings he has done, He sees he needs to change his ways. Dickens shows we need to be charitable and to change our ways if we are to keep the true meaning of Christmas alive. Scrooge learns many valuable lessons, from which we can learn to, the spirits transform him from this hideous hook nosed demon to a Christmas loving human all in the course of one night. He learns the true meaning behind Christmas and things like family, charity and good will. He sees his ways are wrong, his obsession with money, much like most people who fight over who has the best this and the fastest that but dont see themselves as a Scrooge. He gives money to poor people and is happy with his life finally. This world acclaimed novel has been made into many films, as it is still highly relevant and can be learnt from still. His literary genius conveys, feelings emotions and other amazing literary devices authors recently seem to have lost touch with.

Strategic Management And Business Planning For Emirates Airlines Marketing Essay

Strategic Management And Business Planning For Emirates Airlines Marketing Essay Abstract This report conducted on Emirates Airlines which discusses a strategic study about global airline industry, particularly Emirates Airlines.1st part of this report will be tell us in detail about Emirates airline company with internal and external analysis of the company. The last section is about current situation of the company with conclusion and also expressed main problems that Emirates Airlines should address with recommendation. Table of Contents Section Name of Contents Page no. 1 Emirates Profile 04 2 External Environment 04 3 Airline Industry Analysis 04 4 Life Cycle of Airline Industry 06 5 Porters 5 Forces 07 6 Key Competitors 09 7 Strategic Capabilities of Emirates 09 8 Key Success Factors 09 9 PESTEL Analysis 10 10 Competitive Advantage of Emirates 12 11 Internal Environment 13 12 SWOT Analysis 13 13 Summary of Internal Environment 15 14 Conclusion and Recommendation 16 15 Appendices 18 16 Emirates Strategy 18 17 Emirates Cost Reduction Strategy 19 18 Ancillary Revenues 19 19 Growth Strategy 20 20 References 21 Profile: Emirates Airlines was established in 25th October, 1985. Presently Emirates Airlines has 142 fleets aircrafts and destinations over more than 102 countries worldwide. Recently it made an order for aircrafts worth $ 27 Billion for 45 Airbuses A380, in this way cit become the worlds largest purchaser of Airbuss super-jumbo. (Regarding Emirates) Emirates Airlines is very fast growing airlines. Emirates have 5th number over the world in profitability. Emirates earned profit on March 31,2010 is more than $3,538 since last 17 years and its growth ration more than 20% a year. (BBC News) External Environment Airline Industry Analysis Airline industry Profile Presently airline industry growing very well and world top level profitability industry where from we can earn profit .On the other hand political and some other economic factors are affected on this industry, after 11th September there was a great change in the trend of abroad journey for visit, studying and business purposes etc. Another big factor is rapidly rising in oil prices over the world specially in middle east as well, due to this cost increased of airline industry and in this way profit has been decreased and these losses has been reached round $ 6 billion in 2009 (IATA) 6 billion in 2009 (IATA) Eventually, the airline industry has been restored number of passengers. We are watching again the trend of tourism, international trade and development of globalization and in this way numbers of passengers has been increased and exceed 2.3 billion by the end of 2009.(IATA).Thus, for winning and strong image in aviation market its compulsory for airlines that cut of their prices and improve their services. Life Cycle of Airline Industry. The Product Life Cycle refers to the sequence of stages a product goes through. Any new product in market go through a sequences of stages from introduction to maturity ,growth to decline and this sequence of all stages is called product life cycle. We can also say the stages through which individual products build up over time is called The Product Life Cycle. (Saaksvuore. A and Immune. A, 2008) The classic product life cycle has four stages are: Introduction Stage or Development stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage Airline Industry Life cycle: According to product life cycle at the movement airline industry on its maturity stage due to big and perfect competition in the market. In this Maturity stage competition is more hostile in order to increasing advertisement and promotion activities. Further more many competitors increased their budgets on Research and development (RD) Through increasing customers brand loyalty many companies want to differentiate them from their competitors in their services and products. In this stage companies starts cutting their operating cost mean profit margin decreases result least efficient companies are not more in market. Accordingly, many companies use offensive strategies instead of defensive strategies by using methods of changing their market strategy ,product development and marketing mix for stay alive and compete during this aggressive stage. (Development of new product) Porters 5 Forces Threats of New Entrants The new entrants in any industry face some threats from existing companies because new company offer more attractive product with low cost etc. In airline industry threats are low as comparatively barriers are high. Some challenges under below due to new entrants.. Capital Requirements. We need huge capital for this industry for purchasing new crafts and also for starting new projects and also need for attractive to customers. Brand name Customer loyalty: Airlines companies with excellent goodwill and strong image in market will easily compete with new threats at the time of entry. # Bargaining Power of Suppliers Suppliers can easily change market trend through their high demand and control on prices and quality of their products services. Boeing and Airbus are globally suppliers of the airline industry. Bargaining Power of Buyers Buyers are also can change the industry trend due to their demands for high quality ,demand for low prices and also have skill I reduction of the cost. Buyers are more powerful due to huge amount of passengers in market and approximately 1.8 billion yearly. (ITAT). Threat of a Substitute Products or Services Another big threat of substitute product due to availability of substitute in the market for any product. For example people use theirs cars and use trains and buses within the same area or country. Rivalry amongst existing firms He trend of rivalry in airline industry is very famous and high due to availability of large numbers of airlines in the market which also offering best services, best cost etc. For example a lot companies want to increase their share price and want to increase their image want to gain best goodwill among the customers only due to offer best services, cost and also others lot of promotions to attract and attain the customers. (Thompson Strickland, 1995) Key Competitors (Strategic Group analysis) 1st British Airways is one of the biggest in the world. 2nd Qatar Airways getting success from its aggressive growth plan. Singapore Airlines have very good repute in market as most respectful travel brands in the market and was established in 1947. American Airlines established in 1930 and largest airlines over the world due to yearly passengers of this airline more than 80 million. Strategy Strategy is the  long term planning to achieve business objectives through arrangement of resources  of organization within a difficult environment, to fulfill the market needs and also satisfaction of stakeholders expectations.(Dibb.S, Simkin. L, 2008)   Emirates Airlines Strategies: Emirates Airlines has a good and effective business model which is very helpful to gain company objectives and help to company become leader in the airline Industry .following are strategies of the emirates airlines strategies. Quality Control strategy: This is the basic and fundamental strategy to achieve goals of any organization so in this way airlines have very attractive and best strategy to control its quality and standard of the brand. Extensive Aviation Training strategy. This is another fundamental and key strategy of the Emirates for Aviation training .In this way company get maximum benefit through extensive training of its employees .In this way not only keep their employees with it but also open new opportunities for outsiders as well. International Airline Information Technology Development Strategy. This is another fundamental and very important strategy of the company for development of its e-business system, self check services system and also maximize the profit through its advancement in Information technology system in this way it make a lot of contracts with very big companies of the world. Resort, Hotel and Tourism Strategy. This is also another fundamental strategy of the company for increased the numbers of tourist in this way it assist to local bodies and advice for development of new Hotels, Restaurants, new buildings etc. Growth strategy New Bases. Expansion of existing bases. More opportunities available as airlines close/ consol. Cost, cost, cost (long term minimization). Efficient facilities. Demographics. Geographic. Strategic. Auctioned winter capacity. Increasing communication of benefits. Strategic Capabilities of Emirates Strategic capabilities means the skills are abilities to accomplish the stage for the surveillance in the market. It may be in two forms; (1). Resources and (2). Competences Emirate has its threshold resources which include its flights, office equipment, head quarter, finance resources and employees. Emirate also has core resources in the form of management team, Ahmed Bin Saeed Makhtoum (CEO/Chairman).Same as resources Emirate has threshold competences which includes online booking, operations of on time delivery and point to point routing. While in its core competences includes IT development, no frill strategy and route policy strategy. Key Success Factors Differentiation Airline companies can be differentiated by offering latest and modern services like big comfortable seats, advance aircrafts and new e-ticketing system. These all thing not only distinguish the companies also helpful to attractive new customers for the company.(e.g. British Airways). Strong brand name Strong brand name with loyal customers is very important for career of any company. Its proved with strong brand name companies are most untactful for customers. Alliances In Airline industry establishing the alliances between different companies is very important trend in this way different companies will share their resources through strong network and will gain benefit of wide range customers network and will develop many others routes. In this way operations cost also will be decreased. Relations with supplier Strong relations with suppliers are compulsory for Airline companies through long term agreements companies remain safe in order to any future change in pricing strategy. PESTEL Analysis. Political factors The Airline industry is very sensitive industry and immediate affected by and changing in political conditions including wars and instability in economic situation in different countries. The recently political and economic instability in pacific Asia region disturbed the business Middle East and rest of world due to this Airline companies unable to join any International Alliances with top Airlines companies like American Airlines. (Growth phenomena, Nora Byman) Economical factors Modern airports along with latest technology are important factor for success of airlines business. UAE have been planed to big investment on development of Dubai and Abu Dhabi airports. This investment on airport development will exceed up to Dh 71 billion over coming 20 years. Developed airports can give us following benefits: enhancing economy, increasing tourists overcome the dependency on oil revenues by alternatives business strategies. Social factors There is rapidly increasing world population and in this way increasing in number of tourist and educated people. For example, globally growing population especially in UAE according to The National Human Resources Development and Employment Authority Tanmia, UAE population in 2010 has been reached up to 7. 557million from 5.63million, increased by 1.9million people as per the official population statistical report issued 2006.   A number of emigrants are increasing in UAE, airlines firms profits will increase due to travelling of those emigrants to their home countries. Furthermore, diseases also disturb the population of different countries, big example of this Bird Flue which is a killer unprocurable disease. (Economic Development) Technological factors The latest technology also affected in both ways positively and negatively. Negative impact is that teleconferencing decreased the need of physical and face to face business meetings which directly affects on the sale of the company and decreased the passengers. On the other hand positive impacts of e-booking system make reservation system very easy and accessible to any one and it has very good impact on the sale of the company. (Current State) Competitive advantage of Emirates Emirates Airlines implement differentiation generic strategy by offering high quality services in order to gaining benefit among its competitors and getting palce in market as Leader Company. For this purpose the emirates airlines was the 1st Airline in the world who offered TV screen in its all airline and 1st time introduce e-ticketing system in UAE. Thorough segmentation of market it also gained another competitive advantage. It was only company in UAE which providing training by using latest technology called plane simulator. The purpose of all changes only become the leader company in over the world in this order enhanced brand name awareness by locally, regionally and also world level and in this way it will increase profit and goodwill as well. Internal Environment SWOT analysis Strengths Membership of the Arab Alliance, which is known as Arab Air Carriers Organization First Airline company in the Arab world who introduce e-booking system Self check-in system at airport offered by Emirates Emirates Airlines world biggest purchaser Airline company by order of new 45 Super jumbo Air Buses. Providing qualitative training, benefits and rewords and very impressive salary packages and benefits to his employees and also cutting labour cost increasing employees loyalty (People). Latest March, 2010 held Festival of Literature and in 2006 sponsored Fifa World Cup in both way he gained its brand awareness and also makes its goodwill in market. Balance sheet looking sound and showing Profits for 2009-2010 grew four-fold to $964m inspite high oil prices and tough trading environment. Latest progress of Emirates Airlines rolls out flights to San Francisco. It is ready to rule the roost to take world leader in Airline business with the latest technology in hand.   Weaknesses High operation cost due to big investment on purchasing aircrafts and application of latest technology. High Prices as comparatively other airlines companies. Non membership of any International Alliances. Non availability of hub in Abu Dhabi. As establishment not much old just in 1985 ,so its young airline. Opportunities Good growth in Per capita income in UAE. Huge investment plan by Government on the development of its airports in UAE. Growth in population of the world and in also in UAE . Forecasting of World Travel Tourism Council that tourists will be increased in UAE due its best locality, huge beautiful buildings, safe and secure environment luxury hotels and restaurant and good economic condition after 2010. Rapidly enhancement in internet users over the world and in also in UAE. A different Aviation event like Air Show of Dubai good promotes Middle East airlines in the whole world. A lot of international companies want to shift their headquarters in Dubai due to safety and sound political situation so in this way bright chances for increasing in number of passengers. Threats Emirates airlines located in the region where politically instability going very high due to terrorism activities has been increased. Rapidly increasing in the operations cost due aviation security. Recently increase in fuel prices which is also cause of high operations cost. Due to non controlling of oil prices in this way might be Airline industry suffered loss by $ 3 billion (IATA) New arrival of airlines companies with low cost.. Modern online ticketing system can be hack by hackers and can be crashed by virus so in this way database of the company will destroy and eventually company will suffer huge amount of losses. The natural crises and deserters in the region like earthquake, flooding and hurricane. Latest worst flooding situation in Pakistan as before he faced crises by earthquake as well which was worst impact on the sale of airlines companies. The quickly increase of fresh sensitive unprocurable diseases like as SARS and Bird Flue that have very bad impact on airline industry sale. Summary of Internal Environment With the help of external environments, organizations or companies able to recognize their internal factors. Recognizing of that factors and make companies in this position that companies utilize their strengths, overcome their weaknesses, get advantages from opportunities of the companies and can easily avoid from threats of the companies. Current situation of Emirates Airline: Any new arrival or entry in any industry is considered unattractive due to very low demand, high prices and strong competition. But attractive for Emirates Airlines due to its good strategy and strong market position. Also, it has many opportunities to handle any uncertain situation because it is member of very strong Emirates Group which share its resources and reduce the company expenses. Overall, Emirates enjoying with great market position along with high profitability rate which is considered as competitive advantage of the company and high profit rate of the company of its best competing strategy and other expansion strategy. Conclusion and Recommendation At the time of strong competition which refers to maturity stage of Airline Industry so each company should approach offensive and use the offensive strategy after in detail review its internal and external environment and all related factors which directly effect the company position. The following recommendations are for Emirates airlines. Operational cost of Emirates is very high only due to huge investments on technologies, aircrafts and best quality services. Emirates should control its cost and should decrease its cost through improvement and development of operations activities .Emirates should improve maintenance process, effective and efficient flight schedule of the company and better utilization of the company resources like aircrafts etc. Another way for reduction of cost is advancement in its technologies by investment in technologies and in this way cut of labour cost. For example it is strongly recommended to new installation of self check service system on all airports. In reply to the threat of low cost airlines in UAE market. Emirates should offer advance level services and control cost and this way no need to reduce the prices and in this order it should introduce its new brand as subsidiary which should be base on low cost. a subsidiary Extension in routes strongly recommended and should be special growth in tourism UAE. In this order to it should extend its route worldwide most attractive areas and Canada one of them. Joining with global alliance will help to increase its worldwide destinations in this way should offer more impressive and effective strategy for competing low cost airlines. Advancement in Information Technology is most important for progress of emirates airlines and in this order it should make contracts with E-Business Company for improving its services and increase the customers satisfactions. E-CRM is the latest technology and adopted by Emirates this strategy since increasing in numbers of the internet users and this way out for keep long term relation with customers. (Jiang, 2003). Eventually, Emirates Airlines make comprehensive analysis and review of company internal and external factors and its competitors and should develop new strategies for staying and keep good position in airline industry at this maturity time.

Smoking Cigarettes :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

The governments must ban the sales of tobacco products. There are many consequences to smoking like health, addiction, cessation and economic costs. Second hand smoke is a major problem, since smoking is allowed in alot of public places. Second hand smoke has fifty cancer causing shemicals which are inhaled by non-smokers. Second hand tobacco smoke is also called Environment Tobacco Smoke (ETS). ETS is made up of smoke that comes from the end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar called sidestream smoke. People that are constantly exposed to ETS are at increasing risk for developing health problems related to it. Thirty-three percent of Canadian children under the age of twelve are regularly inhaling ETS. Since children breath faster than adults rhey take in more air, and if there is ETS in the air, the children can develop alot of health problems. ETS can cause problems like bronchitis,pneumonia, middle ear disease and asthma. In the family car many children are exposed to ETS. In a 1995 survey it is found that over half of the smokers, smoke in the car when children are present. Each year in Canada about 3300 people die from heart didease caused by ETS. And this is only second hand smoke. As for smokers themselves, their at higher risk to their health. Smoking causes cancers to the esophagus, lungs, voice box, throat and mouth and helps develop cancers of the bladder, pancreas, cervix and kidneys. It also causes cardiovascular disease like heart disease, stroke and diseases of the blood vessels. Lung cancer was the first cancer to be linked to smoking and is the number one cause of cancer deaths of people, world wide. Eighty to ninety percent of all lung cancer is smoking related, but lung cancer is not the only smoking related cancer, there are eight other cancers linked to smoking. There are over 16,000 cancer deaths in Canada each year, and is caused by smoking. Also smoking causes pulmonary and respiratory diseases. Over 8,000 people die each year from respiratory diseases caused by smoking. And it also causes alot of other diseases that permanently damage the lungs and airways by smokers. Other than cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, smoking can cau se alot of health problems like ulcers and bowel disorders (Crohn's Disease), osteoperosis (decreased bone density), thyroid disease and increased severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Smoking also causes other health problems like cataracts, menstrual disorders, sleep problems, tooth and gum damage and increased injuries.

Teens and Sex - Sexually Transmitted Diseases Essay -- Exploratory Ess

Sexually Transmitted Diseases   Ã‚  Ã‚   What are Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD's)? How much do you know about STD's? Do you know how to protect yourself from STD's? The answer to these questions is that most people don't know, and if they do, it's very little. Sex has become a big issue in the 90's. Wherever a person looks, sex is advertised. What do you see when you turn on the television, daytime or night? Sex. What do you see when you go to the movies? Sex. In magazines? Sex. Even advertisements in the street revolve around sex. The one thing that is not emphasized is the dangers of sex. The danger of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. I'm sure that people know that AIDS is the most dangerous STD right now, but there are other diseases to watch out for. These other diseases which I will discuss, are bad and different in their own ways. When engaging in sex, every person should be educated about the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases, how to prevent STD's, and how to get treatment if a pe rson has an STD.    Talking about sex may not be a comfortable subject for everyone, but people should. Sex is not a game. When it comes down to getting an STD, there is no joke behind it. People have to realize that they are not the only ones in danger, the people they have sex with are also in danger. There are a couple ways people can prevent themselves from STD's. The first way is by practicing abstinence (not having sex). I am not saying people have to practice abstinence, but it is one of the ways. A second way is by the use of condoms, but only when used correctly. In an article titled, "1993 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines" from the Journal of School Health, it lists some recommendations of... ...meone is infected or not. People need to know their partner well, and if someone has, or thinks they have an STD, they should go get checked right away. They will be doing themselves a favor, and others. There are a lot if STD's out there, some more dangerous that others, some deadly like AIDS, so people should learn about them before they are lying in a hospital bed, or better yet getting buried, or burying someone they love.    Bibliography 1.) , "1993 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines," Journal of School Health, 1994, p. 156 - 159. 2.) Brodman, Michael; Kranz, Rachel; and Thacker, John. Straight Talk About Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Facts on File, Inc., 1993, p. 1 - 48. 3.) Willis, Judith. "Preventing STD's," FDA Consumer, 1993, p. 33 - 35. (For the first article, there was no author stated so that's why it is blank)